tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-59967143955009359362023-11-15T07:03:44.635-08:00Essay writing websitewaphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.comBlogger199125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-62626400071345767132020-08-26T03:05:00.001-07:002020-08-26T03:05:10.410-07:00Commissioning pneumatic trainer system Literature reviewAppointing pneumatic mentor framework - Literature audit Example Pneumatics is characterized as the investigation of gases and air and the connection between their volume, temperature and weight (Venkannah, 2006). Pneumatics as a control manages the mechanical properties of gases, for example weight and thickness, and the utilization of these standards to tackle different designing issues utilizing of compacted gas as the primary wellspring of intensity (Beater, 2007). The packed gas that is most ordinarily utilized is air, and it typically contains vitality put away in a possible state. At the point when the packed air grows, working vitality is created as motor vitality and weight (Beater, 2007). 1.1.2 Hardware Pneumatic frameworks can be separated into a few levels speaking to the equipment segments and the sign stream as demonstrated as follows (Venkannah, 2006). The significant segments of a pneumatic framework are; Compressor Check valve Accumulator Directional valve Actuator The gathering of a fundamental pneumatic framework is as demonstra ted as follows. Key: A. Air Compressor B. Check Valve C. Collector D. Directional Valve E. Actuator coming up next are examined beneath. A. Blower The air blower unit is driven by an engine, and it goes about as the wellspring of air for the entire framework (Dale and Fardo, 2009). It builds the weight of air by packing it in order to lessen its volume. This unit utilizes electrical capacity to produce mechanical power through the turn of an engine. When the air is packed, it is put away in an accepting tank. The compacted air is then scattered to the additional pieces of the framework at a high weight when required (Dale and Fardo, 2009). Pneumatic frameworks should likewise be furnished with air preparing parts that will condition the air before it is utilized. The molding includes sifting, managing the temperature and oil (Dale and Fardo, 2009). These three sub units can be offered as one set known as the FRL Unit (Soundara, 2007). Channel unit It channels any outside particles t hat might be contained in the compacted air. In any case, the size of the molecule that can be sifted relies upon the kind of channel utilized (Mitchell, 2000). Controller unit It is utilized to maintain the ideal strain to the systemââ¬â¢s control and utilization unit. Greasing up unit The lubricator supplies the compacted air with a film of oil and guarantees that the air conveys oil to the inside pieces of both the control valves and the chamber. Notwithstanding, the utilization of lubricators is getting less well known since these days makers are making valves that don't require grease (Soundara, 2007). The channel and the controller can be consolidated and utilized as a solitary or as individual units. B. Check valves These are one way valves that permit pressurized air to enter the pneumatic framework and simultaneously forestalling reverse of the pressurized air to the blower henceforth forestalling loss of weight. They help keep the pressurized sealed until it is discharg ed either physically or electrically after it arrives at a specific measure of weight. C. Aggregator It stores compacted air and forestalls any floods that may happen because of weight. It as a rule has a bigger volume than the air blower. The enormous volume is of extraordinary noteworthiness as it hoses the throbs of weight just as fill in as a save to flexibly both huge and brief volumes of air on request. Aggregators additionally go about as a mode for waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-18717721872551071492020-08-22T06:44:00.001-07:002020-08-22T06:44:13.696-07:00Managing the United Kingdom Health Service EssayDealing with the United Kingdom Health Service - Essay Example This has been thoroughly absent from the administration at NHS. The board is can be characterized both as workmanship and science. It is the craft of bringing out productivity of individuals and making them more compelling than they would have been with you. There are four fundamental columns: plan, sort out, direct, and screen. The fundamental job of a chief is to make the staff increasingly viable. Causing them to accomplish work more effectively than they are doing by and by. On the off chance that you increase the value of your staff's work, you are an effective supervisor. Notwithstanding, in NHS, administrators are insignificant implementers who have no dynamic force. They just actualize the guidelines and guidelines directed by the Government. Its absolutely impossible that they can increase the value of their or their staff's work. The administrators at NHS feel that their job is unrecognized by patients, partners, people in general and the legislature. Chiefs at NHS have less self-rule and less contribution in key dynamic than their staff accept. Also, they are exposed to expanding control. Without an arrangement you will never succeed. In the event that you happen to make it to the objective, it will have been by karma or possibility and isn't repeatable. You may make it as a fleeting sensation, a short-term sensation, yet you will never have the record of achievement of achievements of which achievement is made. This significant component of successful administration is absent at NHS. Infact the association needs genuine arranging and core interest. Subsequently, the nature of administrations has been detortiating and eventually the directors are arranged by both government just as open for wasteful administrations despite the fact that they have no capacity to run the association with their very own dream. An investigation uncover that the idea of the executives had gotten separated from clinical practice, despite the fact that numerous supervisors were specialists or attendants who had taken on the job to attempt to have any kind of effect. To them, what was current ly called administration was only an augmentation of the calling. Sort out Sorting out and priortising work to guarantee smooth, convenient just as quality conveyances and administrations structure the center of good administration. The absence of legitimate administration brings about poor association and prioritization of work at NHS. Direct Coordinating your subordinates not as you are guiding them however as though you are managing them how to play out their particular employment job. I like to think about this part like directing an ensemble. Everybody in the symphony has the music before them. They realize which segment is playing which piece and when. Presently you need just to tap the platform gently with your waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-65492519404870574412020-08-13T07:33:00.001-07:002020-08-13T07:33:03.265-07:00Innovation at IllinoisInnovation at Illinois As I do my usual rounds as an RA at Snyder Hall, I always walk past a room on the fourth floor that sparks my interest. This room has a plaque on it that says Marc Andreessen Co-Founder Of The First Web Browser Lived Here. It turns out Andreessen is a Silicon Valley giant today as he sits on the board of Facebook and eBay. I should not be too surprised that someone such as Andreessen would have lived in my residence hall; Illinois has a rich history of innovation. There are many extraordinary alumni that have come from our wonderful university. Music industry legend and former CEO of Ticketmaster, Irving Azoff, attended Illinois. Donald Bitzer, the man who co-invented the plasma display, once sat in our historic lectures. The co-founder of the revolutionary website YouTube, Jawed Karim, calls himself an alumnus of Illinois. The list of prestigious innovators goes on and on. The reason that Illinois has had such groundbreaking alumni is simple: Illinois pushes each student for excellence no matter what field they are in. If there is something that a student wants to explore, our university is the perfect place to explore and get the most out of anything that someone wants to do. World-class professors, top-notch facilities, and a diverse student body are just a few aspects of the kind of unique and unparalleled experience that Illinois provides for each of its students. I do have to say that I feel truly inspired by the plaque on that door in my hall. Not only am I living in a building with such historic significance but attending a university where I have the opportunity to achieve just as much as Andreessen. There is no doubt that the University of Illinois has and always will be a fertile ground for innovation. Jacob Class of 2019 Iâm an Advertising student within the College of Media. My hometown is a place called Fairmount, Illinois, which is about 30 minutes from campus. I began my Illinois journey in the Division of General Studies. waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-61273160671853238102020-05-23T22:41:00.001-07:002020-05-23T22:41:02.754-07:00We Must Reform Our Criminal Justice System Essay - 1903 Words Hillary Clinton said, We can do better. We cannot ignore the inequalities that persist in our justice system that undermine our most deeply held values of fairness and equality. She was correct in her statement, we need to reform our criminal justice system due to it highly lacking in fairness and equality. 2.38 million Americans are in prison, with another five million on probation or parole. 1 in 31 adults in the United States are in jail, prison, or on probation or parole. (Ferner) The populations of our prison are increasing, while trust in law enforcers is declining, and if we want to solve the inequalities we must reform parts of our criminal justice system. We should reform our criminal justice system to fix the inequalities of mandatory sentences, bail, and we should create reentry programs to assist released inmates stay crime free. In the past years we have seen many riots and debates over the racism and inequalities in our criminal justice system. We have heard story after story, and watched video after video of police brutality and racism in America. We saw the unfair outcome of the Zimmerman and Treyvon Martin case. When George Zimmerman followed and fatally wounded Treyvon Martin, a seventeen year old African American boy who was walking around the neighborhood, just because he looked suspicious to him. In 2014, we saw the riots in Ferguson, Missouri after the fatal shooting of Michael Brown by a white police officer, sparking a debate over theShow MoreRelatedWe Must Reform Our Criminal Justice System Essay2372 Words à |à 10 PagesHillary Clinton said, We can do better. We can not ignore the inequalities that persist in our justice system that undermine our most deeply held values of fairness and equality. She was correct in her statement, we need to reform our criminal justice system because it is highl y lacking in fairness and equality. 2.38 million Americans are in prison, with another five million on probation or parole. 1 in 31 adults in the United States are in jail, prison, or on probation or parole. (Ferner) TheRead MoreNational Prescription Drug Take Back Day1477 Words à |à 6 PagesSaturday September 26, 2015 or so called National Prescription Drug Take Back Day is a small part of the up and coming criminalà justice reform that the nation has been raving about. From the war on drugs, to the prison system; the president along with congressmen and woman have been discussing this so called ââ¬Å"reformâ⬠. Take Back Day plays a small part in the want to dispose properly of leftover drugs which can be hazardous to the environment and not allowing unused medications to be distributedRead MoreThe Myth Of Police Reform1518 Words à |à 7 Pagespolice reform, many agree that our country is long overdue for it, however, the questions are how exactly do we, as a nation, go about changing one of the most powerful structures to exist in the country. While some believe that reform must come from within the individually flawed police departments, others argue that the entire criminal justice system needs an overhaul. In this Response essay about Ta-Nehisti Coastesââ¬â¢ essay ââ¬Å"The Myth of Police Reform,â⬠Coates is saying, that the criminal-justice systemRead MoreDiversion Programmes And Access Of Mental Health Facilities1106 Words à |à 5 Pagescorrect this situation, diversion programmes must be able to transfer mentally ill prisoners to mental health care facilities. These techniques allow individuals to be placed in an appropriate environment where treatment can be much more effective. (18) Although such techniques exist within Australian jurisdictions, they are only useful when there are practical alternatives offered. (18) Due to the limited facilities available, diversion techniques must be extremely effective at treating mental disordersRead MoreAnalysis Of The Cycle Of Juvenile Justice1342 Words à |à 6 PagesRunning head: CYCLE JUVENILE JUSTICEââ¬â¹ ââ¬â¹1 Analysis of the Cycle of Juvenile Justice Theory Name School ââ¬â¹Ã¢â¬â¹ Professor Class Date Analysis of the Cycle of Juvenile Justice Theory ââ¬â¹In the text, Thomas Bernard examines the cyclical nature of the juvenile justice system (Weisheit Culbertson, 2000, p. 13-31). The author posits that the implementation of juvenile justice is constantly swinging from one extreme to the other based, largely, on the publicââ¬â¢s perceptionRead MoreEssay on The Mission of the Correctional System 1218 Words à |à 5 PagesThe correctional system has three main goals: punish, protect the community and rehabilitate the offender. However, it is unclear how well the modern U.S correctional system achieves these goals and whether the money invested in the correctional system might be better spent. These are some of the points I will cover regarding what I think about the correctional system. Department of Corrections is an agency of the state that is responsible for the supervision and management of convicted felonsRead More2.3 Conclusion:. The Aim Of Criminal Law Is To Protect1463 Words à |à 6 Pages2.3 Conclusion: The aim of criminal law is to protect the rights of the individuals and to safeguard the weak against the strong, law abiding against lawless and peaceful against violent. The state has prescribed certain rules of conduct, sanctions for their violations and machinery to enforce sanctions and procedure to protect that machinery. If men were angels no government would be necessary. Read More U.S. Criminal Justice System Essay1006 Words à |à 5 Pages U.S. Criminal Justice System In order to keep a safe society, it is important to establish a nation with good education to teach people judging from right or wrong , excellent police force to keep our street safe, and most of all, a good criminal justice system to carry out the justice. United States is a place with little crimes, a nation with nice houses, beautiful beaches, and expensive shops without property just like what I seen in the American movies in my opinion before I arrivedRead MoreCrime in the United States1052 Words à |à 5 Pagesthe entire world by far. For most of my life I have always believed that the American justice system worked. When people do wrong they need to be punished and pay for their crimes. That is what our justice system is here for so how could is possibly go wrong? Unfortunetly it is not as simple as it sounds and all it takes is a little research to discover why. Before researching the U.S. criminal justice system, I would never have considered the fact that the U.S. has the worst prison populationRead MoreA Report On The United States s Nationwide Prison Population748 Words à |à 3 Pagesharsher punishments for non-violent crimes, resulting in more thanà 1.57 millionà inmates being imprisoned in federal, state, and local prisons and jails at any given time. In addition, an estimated 12 million Americans cycle through the U.S judicial system for se ntences less than one year in length, raising the estimated overall imprisonment rate, at any given date, to 2.4 million. These inmates, in addition to those barred from voting due to past felony convictions, make up approximately 2.5 percent waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-76990867140136861682020-05-12T21:46:00.001-07:002020-05-12T21:46:03.024-07:00Leadership And A Letter The American Civil War - 1374 Words Leadership and a Letter The American Civil War began over 150 years ago, eventually preventing a permanent disintegration of the then-existing United States. Though fractured, the country mended itself following the war and moved forward with incremental steps of maturation and a vision of social justice among many other imperatives. That process continues to this day and moves beyond as the need for justice changes. At the time of the American Civil War, the United States as it existed at the moment was less than a century old and had only 34 states. It was a still a young country and in development, not reaching the fifty-state level until the mid-twentieth century. Inherent among citizens on both sides of Civil War was the idealismâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦He was orphaned at a young age, and lived in poverty, but rose above those situations to attend Andover as a boarding student and later Brown University. Following that he attended law school and was admitted to the Rhode Island bar. He was elected to the Rhode Island legislature where he served as Clerk and then later the Speaker. Men who served in State and Federal legislative positions during this time were held in high esteem. Serving as Clerk and then Speaker would distinguish the office holder further, and validate his legislative ability. During this period, Ballou had been a member of the Rhode Island State Militia. When the potential for a civil war became apparent he began to actively recruit others to volunteer for the State Militia. He was commissioned as a major in the militia and served as Judge Advocate. In this position, Ballou would act as the legal counselor to the Militia command staff, and as an advisor to an empaneled court martial. In this role, he was required to leave his professional law offices behind as well as his elected office and family. By the start of the Civil War, Ballou and his wife were raising two small boys at home. Ballou left his position as Judge Advocate and became an officer of the 2nd Rhode Island Infantry Regiment, comprised of all volunteers from the state of Rhode Island. Like many other volunteer units during the Civil War, few of the regiment had military experience of any kind. At times, the lack ofShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The American Civil War869 Words à |à 4 PagesDivided The American Civil War has become a point of controversy and argument when discussing key events in shaping America. The arguments that arise when discussing the war tend to focus on whether the Confederate was constitutionally justified in seceding, or whether the North had the right to prevent the secession. However, when discussing the America Civil War and the idea of separation, it is important to be mindful that separation did not simply end at the state level. Letters written byRead MoreMany May Wonder About The Connection Between The Cold War1251 Words à |à 6 PagesMany may wonder about the connection between the Cold War and the Civil Rights Movement and how the war has an effect on African-American civil rights. The effect may not be as perspicuous since these conflicts are two very strange juxtapositions. The two wars shared the same time and place in history yet they were never associated with each other. Although the Cold War may seem as if it went on for forever , from 1947 until 1991, the Civil Rights Movement went on from 1954 to 1968. However, the massRead MoreLeadership Lessons From Abraham Lincoln Essay949 Words à |à 4 PagesTopic: Leadership Lessons from Abraham Lincoln. The American Civil War was fought from 1861 to 1865 in the United States. As a war measure, Emancipation Proclamation is applied primarily to Southern states rebellion and later it spread its way to North. Emancipation Proclamation created a history in abolishing slavery suppressing the war and saving Republic. Abraham Lincoln left this aspect of legacy to the people. I really have no idea about Lincoln until I read the description of him by presidentialRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.: How Society Changed859 Words à |à 4 PagesDuring the course of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, there were several black and white supporters who had brave roles. The most prominent and persistent activist of African American rights movement was Martin Luther King Jr. Kingââ¬â¢s ideas sparked the ideal perspective of equality. Martin Luther King Jr. fought for equality by organizing marches, giving powerful speeches, and staying positive through adversity. Martin Luther King Jr. knew of the constant racism and cruelty in Birmingham, AlabamaRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail By Dr. Martin Luther King1510 Words à |à 7 PagesLetter from Birmingham Jail was a letter written by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. from a solitary confinement cell in Birmingham, Alabama. Some portions of the letter were written and gradually smuggled out by King s lawyer on scraps of paper including, by some reports, rough jailhouse toilet paper. Violent racist terror against African Americans was so horrible in Birmingham in the summer of 1963 that the city was being referred to by some locals as ââ¬Å"Bombinghamâ⬠. King had been arrested while participatingRead MoreReconstruction Document Analysis1256 Words à |à 6 PagesDr. Wheeler HIS 251 26 November 2012 Document Analysis: ââ¬Å"Reconstruction: Clashing Dreams and Realities, 1865-1868â⬠The Civil War brought with it destruction in the South, over 600,000 fatalities, economic devastation, and a nation hanging together by the thread of the hopes of those who believed that the nation of Washington would not ââ¬Å"perish from the earth.â⬠Those living in the losing side had to face the harsh realities that their lives would never be the same, both for the white slave ownersRead MoreMission Command During The Carolinas Campaign1063 Words à |à 5 PagesAmericans, Canadians, Dutch, British, and German military organizations have developed a mission command concept since the 19th century. Army Doctrine Reference Publication (ADRP) 6-0, Mission Command, ââ¬Å"directs leaders to exercise authority and direction using mission orders to enable discipline initiative within the commanderââ¬â¢s intent to empower agile and adaptive leaders in the conduct of land warfare. Unified land operations are executed through decisive action by mean of core competencies andRead M oreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln s 12 Years A Slave 1366 Words à |à 6 Pagesâ⬠During the Pre-Civil war period, the North and the South had already divided over their differences, such as geography and slavery. They found it hard to resolve their differences that tensions developed and fights broke out. These events caused the need for leadership. Abraham Lincolnââ¬â¢s election caused him step up to that position of leadership which allowed him to leave a legacy by the Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address, and the Amendments. Lincoln set the Civil war and took CulturalRead MoreFor Cause and Comrades Essay757 Words à |à 4 PagesFor Cause and Comrades For Cause and Comrades by James M. McPherson consists of mostly of soldiersââ¬â¢ diaries and letters home as to why the men were fighting the Civil War. The initial motivation the union and confederacy sustain throughout the story proves that personal honor is valued more than their lives. The opening chapter of the book is mostly a plot overview of the events that had yet to come. Fratricide, Meaning one that murders or kills an individual (as a countryman) havingRead MoreRobert Gould Shaw And The Civil War1646 Words à |à 7 PagesRobert Gould Shaw, born in Boston into an abolitionist family, naturally sided with the Union in the Civil War. He had received an education from Harvard prior to entering the family business and when the secession of the south began his sense of duty required him to join the Union. Shaw was a natural leader and quickly was promoted from Lieutenant to Colonel. As a man who proved his worth as a military leader and his family open support for the integration of freed black slaves into the military waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-53823322787260243442020-05-06T12:56:00.001-07:002020-05-06T12:56:22.816-07:00Dividend Policy Capital Structure Free Essays string(26) " in earning has occurred\." ââ¬Å"Comparative Analysis of Dividend Policy Capital Structureâ⬠Prepared For: Lutfur Rahman Senior Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, East West University. Course Code: FIN-435 Course Title: Managerial Finance Prepared By: Md. Habibur Rahman Utpal Kumar Ghosh ID: 2006-2-10-175 ID: 2006-2-10-179 Date of Submission: August 11, 2009 East West University 43, Mohakhali C/A, Dhaka-1212 Introduction ? ? Origin of the Report: Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Dividend Policy Capital Structure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lutfur Rahman, Senior Lecturer, East West University, has assigned this report to us, as this report is a requirement of the course ââ¬Å"Managerial Financeâ⬠. Objectives of the Report: The broad objective of the report is to build a strong familiarity about the Dividend policy Capital Structure to measure the performance of the company. By preparing this report we are trying to acquaintance of the overall dividend policy capital Structuring. Moreover the superficial objective of the report is to acquire knowledge about the insights of interpreting the ratios. Preparing this report such kind of topic is extremely beneficial for us as the students of finance. Scope of the Report: This report is based on the dividend policy capital Structuring. Through this report we are try to focus on the area related to the financial performance of the companies. We particularly focus on dividend policy capital Structuring and related ratios; as those are the major indicator of the performance assessment of a firm. Methodology: For execution of the report we use MS office software. Topic of the report is not permitting us to input data from primary sources. As the report must be factual, the data source of this report is basically secondary sources. We gathered our relevant data from the different periodicals published by the two cement companies. We also collect our relevant information from different books as well. We also collected some data from the internet to broaden our scope of analysis. Dhaka Stock Exchange websites, Meghna Cements mills website, Confidence Cement Ltd, websites are few of them. Limitations: â⬠¢ Inadequate knowledge in studying reports. â⬠¢ Lack of in-depth understanding of certain terms and concepts prevented us from going into details. â⬠¢ Lacks of research. â⬠¢ Unavailability of updated data. â⬠¢ Time limitation is also been there. â⬠¢ Lack of information and coordination. Confidentiality of data was another imperative barrier that was faced during the conduct of this study. â⬠¢ Power Crisis. ? ? ? 2|Page Dividend Policy ? Dividend: Dividends are payments made by a corporation to its shareholders. It is the portion of corporate profits paid out to stockholders. When a corporation earns a profit or surplus, that money can be put to two uses: it can either be re-invested in the business (called retained earnings), or it can be paid to the shareholders as a dividend. Many corporations retain a portion of their earnings and pay the remainder as a dividend. For a joint stock company, a dividend is allocated fast as a fixed amount per share. Therefore, a shareholder receives a dividend in proportion to their shareholding. For the joint stock company, paying dividends is not an expense; rather, it is the division of an asset among shareholders. Public companies usually pay dividends on a fixed schedule, but may declare a dividend at any time, sometimes called a special dividend to distinguish it from a regular one. Cooperatives, on the other hand, allocate dividends according to membersââ¬â¢ activity, so their dividends are often considered to e a pre-tax expense. Dividends are usually settled on a cash basis, as a payment from the company to the shareholder. They can take other forms, such as store credits (common among retail consumersââ¬â¢ cooperatives) and shares in the company (either newly-created shares or existing shares bought in the market. ) Further, many public companies offer dividend reinvestment plans, which automatic ally use the cash dividend to purchase additional shares for the shareholder. ? Forms of Payments: ? Cash dividends (most common) are those paid out in the form of a check. Such dividends are a form of investment income and are usually taxable to the recipient in the year they are paid. This is the most common method of sharing corporate profits with the shareholders of the company. For each share owned, a declared amount of money is distributed. Thus, if a person owns 100 shares and the cash dividend is $0. 50 per share, the person will be issued a check for 50 dollars. ? Stock dividends are those paid out in form of additional stock shares of the issuing corporation, or other corporation (such as its subsidiary corporation). They are usually issued in proportion to shares owned (for example, for every 100 shares of stock owned, 5% stock dividend will yield 5 extra shares). If this payment involves the issue of new shares, this is very similar to a stock split in that it increases the total number of shares while lowering the price of each share and does not change the market capitalization or the total value of the shares held. ? Property dividends are those paid out in the form of assets from the issuing corporation or another corporation, such as a subsidiary corporation. They are relatively rare and most frequently are securities of other companies owned by the issuer, however they can take other forms, such as products and services. ? Other dividends can be used in structured finance. Financial assets with a known market value can be distributed as dividends; warrants are sometimes distributed in this way. For large companies with subsidiaries, dividends can take the form of shares in a subsidiary company. A common technique for ââ¬Å"spinning offâ⬠a company from its parent is to distribute shares in the new company to the old companyââ¬â¢s shareholders. The new shares can then be traded independently. |Page ? Types of Dividend Policies: ? Constant-Payout-Ratio Dividend Policy: A dividend policy based on the payment of a certain percentage of earnings to owners in each dividend period. ? Regular Dividend Policy: A dividend policy based on the payment of a fixed-dollar dividend in each period. Often firm that use this policy increase the re gular dividend once a proven increase in earning has occurred. You read "Dividend Policy Capital Structure" in category "Papers" ? Low-Regular-and-Extra Dividend Policy: A dividend based on paying a low regular dividend, supplemented by an additional dividend when earnings are higher than normal in a given period. Argument for Dividend Relevance : Gittman (10th edition) divided stock into two types, such as common stock and preferred stock. He also showed that dividends are the outcome of investment. So, common stocks are an ownership claim against primarily real or productive asset (Higgins, 1995), but he also said that if the company prospers, stockholders are the chief beneficiaries, if it falters, they arc the chief losers. Smith (1988) presented that stocks arc one of the most popular forms of investment. People buy stocks for various reasons: Some are interested in the long-term growth of their investment by buying low priced stock of a new company in the hope of substantially growth of share price over the next few years. Another reason he suggested that in a well established firm stockholders expect the stock growth will be stable over the long run. (Smith. 1988). Stockholders expect dividend but it is not promised (Gitman, 10th edition). Common stocks are hold by true owners of the business. Sometimes they are known as residual ownersââ¬â¢ as they receive whatever left after winding up of the company (Gitman, 10th edition; Higgins 1995). Another type of stock is known as publicly owned stock. Common stock owned by a broad group of unrelated investors or institutional investors is called as publicly owned stock. However, all common stock of a firm owned by a small group of investors is denoted as closely owned stock. When all the stock is owned by a single person is known as privately owned stock. Due to the limit of number of share, stock can be classified in to four types. Such as authorize share, outstanding share, treasury stock and issued stock (Gitman, 10th edition). Authorized shares represent the maximum number of shares a firm allows to issue. Outstanding shares are hold by public. Treasury stock is repurchased by firm itself and it is no longer considered as outstanding share. Issued shared are the shares that have been put into circulation. Recently stock repurchase option is very popuLar as it is able to increase stock value by decreasing outstanding stock number (Port. 1976). Port also suggested that firms should avoid issuing stock to pay dividend as they slow down company growth. According to Short and Wclsch (1990), Johns (1998) and Port (1976), a dividend is a usually distributed in cash form to stock holders of a corporation approved by the board of director. It may also include stock dividend or other forms of payment. A stock dividend represents a distribution of additional shares to common stockholders (Higgins, 1995). On the other hand. Ross et al. (2005) divided earnings into two parts; either it is retained or paid as dividend. Whereas Wild et al. (2001), Johns (1998) and Kieso et al. (2004) argued that retained earnings are the primary source of dividend distribution to the stockholder. Dividends are only cash payments regularly made by corporations to their stockholders (Johns, 1998). He also specified that they are decided upon the declaration by the board of the directors and can range from zero to virtually any amount the corporation can afford to pay. 4|Page Jones (2005) said that dividends are the only cash payment a stockholder receives directly from firm and these are the foundation of valuation for common stocks. Stock price response to an unexpected dividend change announcement is related to the dividend preferences of the marginal investor in that firm where other things remaining same (Denis et al. , 1994). In addition, a company. Which changes dividend policy, is expected to xperience upward or downward trends in share returns (Gunasekarage et al. , 2006). They also said that for the initiating firms, the share prices continued to rise even after the initial public offering (IPOs). Higgins (1995) said that if the company will have less money to invest or it will have to raise more money from external sources to make the same investments stockholders cl aim on future cash flow, which reduces share price appreciation. Moreover, during dividend announcement period stock price also fluctuate due to announcement of dividend. Mulugetta et al. 2002) examined the impact of Standard and Poor are ranking changes on stock prices. In addition, Affleck-Graves Mendenhall (1992) found that stock price reacts after 8 days on average up to 54 days of such earning announcement. With this believe, Hampton (1996) said that value of stock increase by more dividend and share remain undervalued by lower dividend policy. In addition, he also showed that there are two schools of thought regarding with the effect of dividend on stick price, one is dividends do not affect market price and the another one is dividend policies have profound effects on a firmââ¬â¢s position in the stock market. Benartzi et al. (1997), Ofer and Siegelââ¬â¢s (1987) and Bae (1996) found a positive correlation between share price and dividend. Furthermore. Campbell and Shil ler (1988) found a relationship between stock prices, earnings and expected dividends and he drives a conclusion that earnings and dividends is powerful in predicting stock returns over several years. Wilkic analyzed a 76 months share price index and dividend announced. He found a correlation coefficient. Which was under 0. 7 for the period 76 months and he also get that the maximum value of the regression coefficient being reached after 79 months. Moreover. ShilLer (1984. 1989) recommended investors in his study to buy the stocks when price is low relative to dividends and to sell stocks when it is high payoffs. On the other hand to their opinion, Jensen and Johnson (1995) suggested that, dividend cut results reduction in share price. More interesting matter is that if capital markets are perfect, dividends have no influence on the share price (MilLer and Modgliani, 1961). MiLler and ModgLiani (1961) also states that if the market is imperfect, dividend may affect stock price. ? Current Practices of Dividend Policy in Bangladesh: As Bangladesh is a developing country, the corporate culture is growing very slightly in our country. Dividend policy is a major financing decision that involves with the payment to shareholders in return of their investments. Every firm operating in a given industry follows some sort of dividend payment pattern or dividend policy and obviously it is a financial indicator of the firm. Thus, demand of the firmââ¬â¢s share should to some extent. Dependant on the firmââ¬â¢s dividend payment pattern. Many investors like to watch the dividend yield, which is calculated as the annual dividend income per share divided by the current share price. The dividend yield measures the amount of income received in proportion to the share price. If a company has a low dividend yield compared to other companies in its sector, it can mean two things: (1) the share price is high because the market reckons the company has impressive prospects and isnââ¬â¢t overly worried about the companyââ¬â¢s dividend payments, or (2) the company is in trouble and cannot afford to pay reasonable dividends. At the same time, however, a high dividend yield can signal a sick company with a depressed share price. Dividend yield is of little importance for growth companies because, retained earnings will be reinvested in expansion opportunities, giving shareholders profits in the form of capital gains. 5|Page MEGHNA CEMENT limited (MCML) ? OVERVIEW OF THE COMPANY The Meghna Cement Mills Limited (MCML) was the first undertaking Bashundhara Group in the manufacturing sector. This enterprise produces world-class cement and, as a testimony to this, stands the fact that the concern has been awarded the ISO-9001 certification for sustained quality control effort. The Company markets its cement under the registered trademark of King brandâ⬠. ? Basic Information: Market Category: A 400. 0 225. 0 100 2250040 Foreign 0 Public 10 Listing Year:1995 Authorized Capital in BDT (mn) Outstanding Capital in BDT (mn) Face Value Total no. of Securities Share Percentage Sponsor/Director 58 Govt. 0 Institute 32 Graph 1: The Market price of share of MCML in 2008-2009 (Highest Value: 678. 25, Lowest Value: 336. 25) 6|Page ? Dividend Policy Followed By Meghna Cement Ltd: EPS Dividend Payout Cash Ratio 24. 15 279 216% 25. 00 22. 80 348 164 25. 00 7. 37 246 75 25. 00 5. 93 277 54 25. 00 5. 35 352 46 30. 00 65. 6 1502 75 130 13. 12 300. 75 26 Table 1: Financial Data of MCML from 2004-2008 P/E ratio Share Price(MKT. ) Dividend Bonus Share 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 25. 00 25. 00 25. 00 25. 00 30. 00 130 26 Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Average 11. 57 15. 25 33. 38 46. 71 65. 86 172. 77 34. 554 Interpretation: According to the above information it is visible that the company is following regular dividend policy (according to definition as given above). From 2004-2007 though the profit has increased subsequently but it was not sufficient for payment of dividend at a rate of the preceding years to all share holders of the company. For upholding the benefit and interest of general public the sponsors shareholders/Directors have decided to give up their dividend during those years under review of maintaining 31 consistent dividend policy for the 30 general public shareholders. So the 29 board of directors of the company 28 pleased to recommend cash dividend 27 26 @ 25% on par value of shares for the 25 public share holders taking into 24 consideration the profit and liquidity 23 position of the company during that 22 period under reviewed. 004 2005 2006 2007 2008 But In 2008, the EPS increased by almost Total Dividend 25 25 25 25 30 Paid 50% from previous year. So the directors ? Dividend decided to increase the dividend percentage to 30% instead of 25%. The company paid 25tk per share as dividend from 2004-2007 but in 2008 as the income increased by almost 50% than the previous year it paid a dividend of 30tk for the earnings of 2008. Total Dividend Paid Share Price(MKT. ) 400 350 Share Price (MKT. ) 300 250 20 0 The dividend policy that followed by the company has an impact on its share price. 150 As the graph shows the share price has 100 an increasing trend. As the company 50 declared 25% dividend per share from 0 2004-2005 this was more than its EPS so 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 the share price increased and reached to Share Price(MKT. ) 279 348 246 277 352 350tk. But in 2006- 2007 the dividend was lower than its EPS so the share price declined and again increased in 2008 with an increase in dividend. 7|Page Confidence Cement Limited (CCL) ? OVERVIEW OF THE COMPANIES Confidence Cement Limited is the first private sector cement manufacturing company in Bangladesh established in early 90ââ¬â¢s with having 4,80,000 M/T annual production capacity at Chittagong, 16 K. M away from Chittagong port, besides Dhaka Chittagong highway. CCL is the first ISO-9002 certified cement manufacturing in Bangladesh. It has a unique management system in quality Assurance, Marketing, Sales, and Procurements. It manufactures ordinary Portland cement. Our company aims to be the number one cement manufacturing company in Bangladesh, through continuous development and by producing high consistent quality cement to meet all customers requirement at all time. To achieve these objectives CCL uses modern machineries, calibrated testing equipmentââ¬â¢s, computerized packing raw materials mixing devices in its production process. Additionally the company frequently arranges internal external training program for the staff of all level to develop the potentiality and skill of its human resources. CCL is always keen to keep the customers satisfied by proving the best possible service. ? Basic Information: Market Category: A 500. 0 209. 0 100 2090000 Govt. 0 Institute 25. 37 Foreign 0 Public 49. 17 Sponsor/Director 25. 46 Listing Year:1995 Authorized Capital in BDT (mn) Outstanding Capital in BDT (mn) Face Value Total no. of Securities Share Percentage Graph 2: The Market price of share of MCML in 2008-2009 (Highest Value: 627. 25, Lowest Value: 268. 5) 8|Page ? Dividend Policy Followed By Confidence Cement Ltd: Earnings per share -12. 65 10. 95 21. 65 27. 73 -14. 98 Diluted Earnings per share n/a n/a n/a n/a -13. 62 Net Asset Value Per Share 319. 83 326. 28 332. 93 345. 66 330. 67 Diluted Net Asset Value Per Share n/a n/a n/a n/a 300. 62 Net Profit After Tax (mn) -24. 04 20. 81 41. 13 52. 8 -28. 46 Year End P/E -9. 50 10. 78 6. 40 13. 30 n/a % Dividend % Dividend Payout Ratio 46% 69% 54% Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 5. 00 5. 00 15. 00 15. 00 10%B Interpretation From the above information it is visible that the company follows the regular dividend policy. That is the policy of the company is to pay a perticular dividend amount and if thereââ¬â¢s higher earning for perticular year and if earning pe r share increases they also increase their Dividend amount. In 2004, due to tough competition the company couyld not earn desiered profit. This year EPS is tk(12. 65). However considering the 16 interest of shareholders the board of 14 directors decleared 5% dividend from 12 dividend equalization fund. In 2006 and 10 2007 , as the EPS increases than the 8 previous year so the board of director 6 decided to pay dividend of 15% per 4 share. But in 2008 the company 2 decleared a 10% bonous dividend which indicates the company has used 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 their earnings for farther investment so the company didnââ¬â¢t give any cash % Dividend 5 5 15 15 dividend. Dividend From the graph it is easily indentifiable that the share price had strong relationship with dividend. In 2004 the company decleared a dividend of 5% per share when it had a EPS of (12. 65) the increased. In 2006-2007 for an increased dividend of 15% the share price also maxmized and again declined in 2008 due to 10% Bonous dividend decleared by the company. Share Price (MKT) 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Share Price (MKT) 2004 289 2005 250 2006 225 2007 368. 8 2008 318 9|Page Capital Structure Capital structure refers to the way a corporation finances its assets through some combination of equity, debt, or hybrid securities. A firmââ¬â¢s capital structure is then the composition or ââ¬Ëstructureââ¬â¢ of its liabilities. For example, a firm that sells $20 billion in equity and $80 billion in debt is said to be 20% equity-financed and 80% debt-financed. The firmââ¬â¢s ratio of debt to total financing, 80% in this example, is referred to as the firmââ¬â¢s leverage. In reality, capital structure may be highly complex and include tens of sources. Gearing Ratio is the proportion of the capital employed of the firm which come from outside of the business finance, e. g. by taking a long term loan etc. The Modigliani-Miller theorem, proposed by Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller, forms the basis for modern thinking on capital structure, though it is generally viewed as a purely theoretical result since it assumes away many important factors in the capital structure decision. The theorem states that, in a perfect market, how a firm is financed is irrelevant to its value. This result provides the base with which to examine real world reasons why capital structure is relevant, that is, a companyââ¬â¢s value is affected by the capital structure it employs. These other reasons include bankruptcy costs, agency costs, taxes, information asymmetry, to name some. This analysis can then be extended to look at whether there is in fact an optimal capital structure: the one which maximizes the value of the firm. 10 | P a g e Capital Structure Meghna Cement Mills LTD. Items Total Current Asset Fixed Asset Total Asset Current Liability Long term Debt Total Debt/ Total Liability Total Equity Share Outstanding Net Income Earnings Before interest and tax Retained Earnings Interest Charges/ Financial Expenses Market Price Per Share Debt to Total Assets Long term Debt ratio = Debt to Equity = Year 2004 1,003,252,653 1,422,581,752 2,500,368,171 952,991,742 923,377,280 1,885,115,488 615,252,683 2,250,040 26,021,799 195,208,573 390,248,683 162,297,008 279 Financial Information Year Year 2005 2006 979,316,891 1,427,560,032 2,406,876,923 970,701,416 812,529,812 1,783,231,228 623,645,695 2,250,040 34,311,762 176,319,775 398,641,695 67,785,759 3 48 2004 75. % 2005 74. 1% 1,189,929,096 1,397,087,008 2,587,016,104 1,197,987,718 718,168,213 1,916,155,931 670,860,173 2,250,040 75,106,875 201,332,892 445,856,173 118,067,797 246 2006 74. 1% Year 2007 1,064,749,181 1,378,737,392 2,443,486,573 1,128,318,964 787,868,674 1,916,187,638 527,298,935 2,250,040 105,096,707 236,610,206 88,286,676 120,127,996 277 2007 78. 4% Year 2008 1,588,397,601 1,307,816,629 2,896,214,230 1,443,833,003 833,152,269 2,277,035,172 619,228,958 2,250,040 148,181,023 278,378,580 57,399,542 99,849,906 352 2008 78. 6% Long Term Debt Solvency 6. 9% 33. 8% 27. 8% 32. 2% 28. 8% 3. 06 2. 86 2. 86 3. 63 3. 68 Times Interest Earned = 1. 20 2. 60 1. 71 1. 97 2. 79 Interpretation: According to the above information we can say that the company has a higher debt in its capital structure. As its Debt/Asset ratio shows from 2004-2008 it has been maintaining almost same amount of debt which is 75% of total assets in its capital structure. It indicates the company is a hi ghly leveraged firm and more risky in terms of debt. According to Long term debt ratio the company maintained a long term debt of around 33% from 2004 ââ¬â 2008, which also indicates that the company had higher short term debt than itââ¬â¢s long term debt. Time interest earn ratio indicates that the company has enough liquid asset to payback its interest expenses. However Debt/Equity ratio shows the company had a capital structure containing higher debt than its equity. The total debt amount fluctuates throughout this given 5 years but it remains almost three times than its total equity. 11 | P a g e Capital Structure: Confidence Cement Mills LTD. Financial Information Items Year 2004 Year 2005 482627000 570818000 1053645000 429290000 4421000 52985936 433711722 619933000 1900000 20814000 176,319,775 208362754 21573000 250 Year 2006 424937956 580334331 1005272287 362205475 10501799 61807398 372707274 661065000 1900000 41132000 201,332,892 220862754 17559894 225 Year 2007 535307861 564884690 1100192551 413902667 1040702 97073198 414943369 685249000 1900000 52684000 236,610,206 240862754 19968848 368. 8 Year 2008 564074297 590057449 1154131746 525841496 0 58606753 525841496 628290000 1900000 -28459000 278,378,580 221862754 26294826 318 Total Current Asset Fixed Asset Total Asset Current Liability Long term Debt Account Payable/ Trade Creditors Total Debt/ Total Liability Total Equity Share Outstanding Net Income Earnings Before interest and tax Retained Earnings Interest Charges/ Financial Expenses Market Price Per Share 357315000 579526135 936841360 329088697 83293 39197784 329171990 607669370 1900000 -24039000 195,208,573 207412754 25264715 289 12 | P a g e Long Term Debt Solvency Debt to Total Assets = 2004 35. 1% 2005 41. 2% 006 37. 1% 2007 37. 7% 2008 45. 6% Long term Debt ratio = Debt to Equity = 0. 00% 0. 4% 1. 0% .01% 0. 00% 0. 05 0. 02 .02 .01 .01 Times Interest Earned = -1. 951485 -0. 035183 2. 54968 2. 9453453 -2. 0823 Interpretation: According to the above information we can say that the company has a lower debt in its capital structure. As its Debt/Asset ratio shows from 2004-2008 it has been maintaining increasing amount of debt in its capital structure which was 35. 1% in 2004 reached to45. 5% in 2008. It indicates the company is a moderately levered firm and risky in terms of debt. According to Long term debt ratio the company maintained nonexistence long term debt only 2% in 2006, which also indicates that the company had higher short term debt than itââ¬â¢s long term debt. Time interest earn ratio indicates that the company has did not had enough earning to payback of its interest other than the year of 2006 2007. However Debt/Equity ratio shows the company had a capital structure containing lower debt than its equity. The total debt amount remained almost constant throughout this given 5 years which is very negligible than its total equity. 13 | P a g e Comparative Analysis 14 | P a g e Divedend Policy Comparative Financial Data Analysis The financial data we gathered to find out the relationship between various variables with price of two different cement companies arc given. We attempted to explore some conclusion on the behavioral pattern of changing the share market price due to dividend, dividend policies followed. The data are extracted from annual reports of two selected companies that are The Meghna Cement Mills Limited (MCML) and Confidence Cement Limited . The annual data of these companies has been taken from the annual reports and other annual publications of Dhaka Stock Exchange. Confidence Cement Ltd Net Net Year % Asset Profit End Dividend Value After P/E Per Tax Share (mn) Meghna Cement Ltd Net Year % Profit End Dividend After P/E Tax (mn) Industry Average Net Year % Profit End Dividend After P/E Tax (mn) Year Earning per share % Dividend Payout Ratio Earning per share Net Asset Value Per Share Dividend Payout Ratio Earning per share Net Asset Value Per Share % Dividend Payout Ratio 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 -12. 65 10. 95 21. 65 27. 73 -14. 98 319. 83 326. 28 332. 93 345. 66 330. 67 24. 04 20. 81 41. 13 52. 68 28. 46 -9. 5 10. 78 6. 4 13. 3 n/a 10%B 5 5 15 15 46% 69% 54% 11. 57 15. 25 33. 38 46. 71 65. 86 273. 44 26. 02 277. 17 34. 31 298. 15 320. 42 275. 20 75. 11 105. 10 148. 18 24 . 21 25. 00 20. 61 25. 00 216% -0. 54 164 13. 1 75 27. 515 54 37. 22 46 25. 44 301. 72 315. 55 333. 04 302. 93 27. 56 58. 12 78. 89 59. 86 15. 69 7. 02 9. 61 5. 35 15 20 20 30 105 72 54 46 296. 63 0. 99 7. 5 15 216 7. 64 5. 92 5. 35 25. 00 25. 00 30. 00 15 | P a g e Interpretation: Earnings Per Share: The industry average of EPS is tk. (. 54), 13. 1, 27. 51, 37. 22, and 25. 44 for the year 2004, 2005,2006,2007,2008 consecutively. In 2004 EPS of Meghna Cement Ltd was 11. 57 after that EPS has increased and reached up to 65. 86 in 2008, So that, the graph shows that the EPS of Meghna Cement is well above of the industry average EPS. In 2004 EPS of Confidence Cement Ltd was (12. 65) after that EPS has increased and reached up to 27. 63 in 2007. After that EPS has decreased again and reached to (14. 8)So that, the graph shows that the EPS of Confidence Cement is well below of the industry average EPS. Comperative EPS 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Confidence - 12. 65 10. 95 21. 65 27. 73 -14. 98 Cement Ltd Meghna 11. 57 15. 25 33. 38 46. 71 65. 86 Cement Ltd Industry Average -0. 54 13. 1 27. 515 37. 22 25. 44 So, according to our Comparative EPS analysis, we can easily say that Meghna Cement Ltd. is in the best position where Confidence Cement Ltd is the worst position. Price Earnings Ratio: The industry average of P/E ratio is tk. 7. 5, 15. 69, 7. 02, 9. 61, and 5. 5 for the year 2004, 2005,2006,2007,2008 consecutively. In 2004 P/E ratio of Meghna Cement Ltd was 24. 21 after that P/E has decreased gradually and reached to 5. 35 in 2008, so according to Industry average, the graph shows that the P/E ratio of Meghna Cement is well above up to 2006 of the industry average P/E, then in 2007 itââ¬â¢s ratio falls below the industry average and in 2008 equal to industry average due nonexistence of P/E ratio of Confidence Cement in 2008. Comparative P/E Ratio 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 Confidence Cement Ltd 2004 -9. 5 2005 10. 78 2006 6. 4 7. 64 2007 13. 5. 92 2008 Meghna 24. 21 20. 61 Cement Ltd 5. 35 In 2004 P/E ratio of Confidence Cement Ltd was Industry 7. 35 15. 69 7. 02 9. 61 5. 35 Average (9. 5), after that EPS has increased to 10. 78 in 2005, then again decrease in 2006 and in 2007 it has increased to 13. 3. In 2008 there is no existence of P/E due to no cash dividend declared by the company. So, according to Industry average, the graph shows that the P/E ratio of Confidence Cement is well below up to 2006 of the industry average P/E, then in 2007 its ratio rise above the industry average and in 2008 no P/E as discussed earlier. So, according to our Comparative P/E ratio analysis, we can easily say that Meghna Cement Ltd. is in the best position where Confidence Cement Ltd is the worst position. 16 | P a g e Comparative Dividend Dividend Per Share: The industry average of DPS is tk. 15, 15, 20, 20, and 30 for the year 2004, 2005,2006,2007,2008 consecutively. From 2004 to 2007 DPS of Meghna Cement Ltd was 25 after that DPS has increased to 30 in 2008 due to extra earning as discussed before. So according to Industry average, the graph shows that the DPS of Meghna Cement is well above up to 2007 of the industry average DPS. In 2008 DPS is equal to industry average due nonexistence of Dividend of Confidence Cement in 2008. 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Confidence Cement Ltd Meghna Cement Ltd Industry Average 2004 5 25 15 2005 5 25 15 2006 15 25 20 2007 15 25 20 2008 30 30 From 2004 to 2005 DPS of Confidence Cement Ltd was 5 from 2006-2007 DPS has increased to 15 in 2008 due to extra earning as discussed before. So according to Industry average, the graph shows that the DPS of Confidence Cement is well below up to 2007 of the industry average DPS. In 2008 there in no DPS of Confidence Ltd. due nonexistence of Dividend. So, according to our Comparative DPS analysis, we can easily say that Meghna Cement Ltd. is in the best position where Confidence Cement Ltd is the worst position. Dividend Payout Ratio: The industry average of Payout ratio is 216, 105, 72, 54, and 46 for the year 2004, 2005,2006,2007,2008 consecutively. In 2004 Payout ratio of Meghna Cement Ltd was 216 which is equal to the industry average payout ratio because of non existence of payout ratio of Confidence Cement Ltd. in 2004. After that payout ratio has decreased gradually and reached to 46 in 2008, so according to Industry average, the graph shows that the payout ratio of Meghna Cement is equal to the industry average payout ratio in 2004, then itââ¬â¢s ratio rise above the industry average up to 2006 and in the last two years equal to industry average. Compative Payout Ratio Compative Payout Ratio 250 250 200 200 150 150 100 100 50 50 00 Confidence Confidence Cement Ltd Cement Ltd Meghna Meghna 216 216% Cement Ltd Cement Ltd Industry Industry 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 46 46 164 164 69 69 75 75 54 54 54 54 46 46 46 46 16 216 105 105 72 72 54 54 Average Average In 2004 there was no Payout ratio of Confidence Cement Ltd as mentioned earlier. After that payout ratio has increased in 2006 and then again decreased in 2007. In 2008 there is no payout ratio because there is no cash dividend. So according to Industry average, the graph shows that the payout ratio of Confidence Cement i s well below compare to the industry average payout ratio in 2005 2006, and then its ratio is equal to the industry average in 2007. In 2008 there is no payout ratio as discussed before. So, according to our Comparative DPS analysis, we can easily say that Meghna Cement Ltd. is in the best position where Confidence Cement Ltd is the worst position. 17 | P a g e Capital Structure Interpretation: Debt/Asset Ratio: The industry average of Debt/Asset Ratio for the year 2008 is 62. 1%. Debt/Asset Ratio of Meghna Cement Ltd is 78. 6% and Confidence Cement Ltd. is 45. 6%. So, according to industry average Confidence Cement is in the best position while Meghna Cement Ltd is in the worst position. Long Term Debt Ratio: The industry average of Long Term Debt Ratio for the year 2008 is 14. %. Long Term Debt Ratio of Meghna Cement Ltd is 28. 8%, and Confidence Cement Ltd. Is 0%. So, according to industry average Confidence Cement is in the best position and Meghna Cement Ltd is in the worst position. Debt Management Ratio 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 Debt to Total Assets Confidence Cement Mills LTD 2008 Industry Average 0. 456 Long term Debt ratio 0 0. 288 0. 144 Debt to Equity 0. 01 3. 6 8 1. 845 Times Interest Earned -2. 0823 2. 79 0. 35385 Meghna Cement Mills LTD 0. 786 0. 621 Debt to Equity Ratio: The industry average of Debt/equity Ratio for the year 2008 is 184. 5%. Debt/equity Ratio of Meghna Cement Ltd is 368%, and Confidence Cement Ltd. is 1%. So, according to industry average Confidence Cement is in the best position Meghna Cement Ltd is in the worst position. Time Interest Earned: The industry average of Time Interest Earned for the year 2008 is 0. 5385. Time interest earned for Meghna Cement Ltd is 2. 79; Confidence Cement Ltd. is -2. 0823. So, according to industry average Meghna Cement is in the best position and Confidence Cement Ltd is in the worst position. Return on Assets: The industry average of Return on Assets for the year 2008 is 2%. Return on Assets of Meghna Cement Ltd is 5. 1%, and Confidence Cement Ltd. Is (2. 5%). So, according to industry average Meghna Cement is in the best position Confidence Cement Ltd is in the worst position. Return on Equity: The industry average of Return on equity for the year 2008 is 0. 26%. Return on Equity of Meghna Cement Ltd and Confidence Cement Ltd. Is (4. 5%). So, according to industry average Meghna Cement is in the best position Confidence Cement Ltd is in the worst position. Profitability Ratio 30. 00% 25. 00% 20. 00% 15. 00% 10. 00% 5. 0% 0. 00% -5. 00% -10. 00% Meghna Cement Confidence Cement industry Average Return on Asset 5. 10% -2. 50% 2% Return on Equity 23. 90% -4. 50% 26% 18 | P a g e References ? Intermediate Accounting ( 11th Edition),Donald E. Kieso ? The Analysis and Use of Financial Statements(3rd Edition),Gerald I. White ? Scott Besely Eugene F. Brigham, ââ¬Å"Essentials of Managerial Financeâ⬠, Thirteenth Edition, ? ? ? ? Thomson South-Western, Ohio , 2006 www. bashundharagroup. com/mcml/ www. confidencegroupbd. com/cement/ www. dsebd. org www. wikipedia. com 19 | P a g e How to cite Dividend Policy Capital Structure, Papers waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-4924308918188512882020-05-03T11:24:00.001-07:002020-05-03T11:24:02.717-07:00Cultural Identity & Cultural Differences Free-Samples for Students Question: Understand your cultural Identity and AppreciateCultural Differences. Answer: 1.Understanding cultural identity appreciating cultural differences International human relations in the modern world are possible because of several reasons such as the interactions during foreign studies, business meetings and business acquiring. Communication is perhaps one of those potential barriers, which acts as a barrier to education and business in foreign countries. The barrier is mainly because of different languages that are spoken in different countries and the prevalence of different cultures. The barrier to different languages is resolvable with the help of some modern day alternatives such as language translator or interpreter (Moran, Abramson and Moran 2014). However, the differences in cultures have so far no answers from the modern world. This is quite evident in some cases such as employees working in foreign companies. They tend to have several issues in adjusting with the new environment. Racism is another strain, which is a strong barrier for the assimilation of different cultures. Hofstede did also highlight these cultural iss ues, which are classified as Hofstedes Six Dimensions of Culture. The main components of the theory are as follows (Carbaugh 2013): Power Distance Index (high versus low) Individualism Versus Collectivism Masculinity Versus Femininity Uncertainty Avoidance Index (high versus low) Pragmatic Versus Normative Indulgence Versus Restraint The six dimensions, which Hofstede has identified protects one from being assimilated with the different people with different cultures. For example, Individualism encourages self-intelligence over teamwork. Person with this quality does not like being in the team; however, it is highly recommended that company should have various team works for a collective workforce. Moreover, it also drives success with the help of collective skills in the form of teamwork. Even, I have come crossed several cultural conflicts such as at the educational place when I was there for the higher studies. I found it difficult to adjust with the changed cultures. I had to work hard on getting assimilated with the people with different cultures at the workplace. The differences in cultures is ot any issue but the problem lies in such mentalities that disrespect people with other culture. The similar thing had happened to me while I was in UK. I had been sent to the country for some project; however, noting was that easy for me there. They were professional but they have high respects for their cultures only. This affected my performance being in UK because I found it tough to come closer to the other employees. The feeling of cultural differences is very hard to resolve. It just requires a proper nurturing of the kids from their early ages. Cultural biases have its roots in the long list generations, which is hard to resolve by just doing some minor changes. It really requires some bold move and huge changes in the societal background, which could nurture the kids under a more advanced contemporary society that knows no differences in different cultures. Learning of different cultures The unfamiliarity to the different kinds of cultures is a barrier to understand the different communication appropriately. The more one gets familiar with the different cultures the more it comes closer to them. The assimilation with the different cultures narrows down the gap in between the different cultures (Jensen 2013). This is very important as it helps understand and establish an effective communication in between people of different cultures. For example, if someone from India gets closer to the UK people, it just helps understand the mentality of their people. This is very handful in coming closer to them, celebrating moment of joys with them and participating in their cultural events. Understanding and realizing the different cultures is a good resource to improve the communication barrier in between them (Kinloch Metge 2014). Academic learning This is one of the best resources for learning the different cultures and being acquainted with their communication. Good universities should include different cultural related activities in their curriculum. The curriculum should well include the variety of different cultures from across the globe. This is very helpful in making them closer to the different cultures. This is also important and useful as different students go to abroad to have some higher studies. This is when the utilization of cultural awareness comes into play. The abroad universities and the degree colleges have a variety of different cultures from different corner of world integrated at just one place. The more a person gets closer to the different cultures the less would be there any confusion on understanding the different cultures. The clashes at the educational places are common; however, this may have some otherwise reasons also such as racism. Nevertheless, the integration with different cultures provide r especting ethics in the inner part, which is the utmost requirement for a peaceful environment having diverse range of cultures integrated to one place (Tomalin and Stempleski 2013). Different people under one society It is also an undeniable fact different nature of people exists under one society. For example, India is such a country that has varied range of different cultures such as Hindus, Muslims, Christians and Punjabis. Nevertheless, the problem related to communication does also persist in such society. Sometimes they are also involved in different kinds of communication conflict. The never dying communication conflicts in between different cultures in India has been reduced to some extent because most educated peoples have now concerns for their business or works. However, the communication in between different cultures is still missing, which is simply because those peoples have less respect to other cultures. Nevertheless, this also validates the point that cultural understanding and the respect for the same is of utmost urgency to minimise the communication barrier (Bochner 2013). Conclusion Communication is a quintessential part of life, which can only be made easier if it is tried with some sheer commitments. The integration with the different cultures is of utmost requirement especially to that nation, which has more cultural conflicts. Nevertheless, cultural awareness and its values help develop effective communication skills. Reference Bochner, S. ed., 2013.Cultures in contact: Studies in cross-cultural interaction(Vol. 1). Elsevier. Carbaugh, D., 2013.Cultural communication and intercultural contact. Routledge. Jensen, K.B. ed., 2013.A handbook of media and communication research: Qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Routledge. Kinloch, P., Metge, J. 2014.Talking past each other: Problems of cross cultural communication. Victoria University Press. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Tomalin, B. and Stempleski, S., 2013.Cultural awareness. Oxford University Press. waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-75800580212843024072020-03-26T05:30:00.001-07:002020-03-26T05:30:03.169-07:00The True Greatness Of Abraham Lincoln Essay free essay sample , Research Paper The True Greatness of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln is known as one of the greatest presidents in the history of The United States, chiefly for his emancipation of slaves. But was Lincoln truly an advocator of the rights of inkinesss? Lincoln had the purpose of continuing the Union and fulfilling the American people, yet he was indecisive about his racial positions of mid-nineteenth century America. Although Lincoln freed some slaves, he had a really negative position towards the black race. Lincoln was non a great president because he emancipated the slaves, but a great president because he preserved The Union. Lincoln was indecisive on the issue of bondage. He did non desire to get rid of the full establishment of bondage but he besides did non desire it to distribute. He believed that bondage was a moral incorrect and stated this when he spoke in forepart of emancipationists in Chicago stating # 8220 ; Let us fling all this quibbling about this adult male and the other adult male, this race and that race and the other race being inferior, and hence they must be placed in an inferior place. We will write a custom essay sample on The True Greatness Of Abraham Lincoln Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Let us fling all these things, and unite as one people throughout this land, until we shall one time more stand up declaring that all me are created equal. # 8221 ; But he besides felt that emancipationists were besides incorrect in seeking to make away with bondage. Hofstader provinces that Lincoln believed that # 8220 ; # 8230 ; the establishment of bondage is founded on unfairness and bad policy, but that the announcement of abolishment philosophies tends to increase instead than slake its evils. # 8221 ; This means that Lincoln thought that bondage was incorrect but suggesting to make away with it is besides incorrect because it makes slavery worse. Lincoln besides believed that bondage was incorrect because it might jeopardize the on the job category. Lincoln believed that every individual, no affair how hapless, had a opportunity to win in life. He thought that the enlargement of bondage would jeopardize this. His ideas are shown when he says # 8220 ; # 8230 ; One of the grounds why I am opposed to slavery is merely here. What is the true status of the labourer? I take it that it is best for all to go forth each adult male free to get belongings as fast as he can. Some will acquire affluent. I don ; *t believe in a jurisprudence to forestall a adult male from acquiring rich ; it would make more injury than good. So while we do no suggest any war upon capital, we do wish to let the humblest adult male an equal opportunity to acquire rich with everybody else. When on starts hapless, as most do in the race of life, free society is such that he knows he can break his status ; he knows that there is no fixed status of labour for his whole life # 8230 ; That is the true system. â⬠Lincoln was foremost and foremost a politician. After giving an anti-slavery address to emancipationists in Chicago a few months before, Lincoln reversed his place on bondage and argued for the right of the establishment of bondage to be. Lincoln showed his beliefs on the lower status of the black race in his address to Southern break ones back holders in Charleston. # 8220 ; I will state, so, that I am non, nor of all time have been, in favour of conveying about in any manner the societal and political equality of the white and black races: that I am non, nor of all time have been, in favour of doing electors or jurymans of Negroes, nor of measure uping them to keep office, nor to intermarry with white people # 8230 ; And inasmuch as they can non so unrecorded, wile they do stay together there must be the place of superior and inferior, and I every bit much as any other adult male am in favour of holding the superior place assigned to the white race. # 8221 ; Many people believe that Lincoln fought The Civil War to liberate the slaves but that is far from true. In fact, Lincoln himself stated that # 8220 ; My paramount object in this battle is to salvage the Union, and it is non either to salvage or destruct bondage. If I could salvage the Union without any slaves, I would make it, if I could salvage it by liberating all the slaves I would make it ; and if I could salvage it by liberating some and go forthing others entirely I would besides make that. # 8221 ; Lincoln demonstrated this belief during The Civil War. In the beginning of the war, Lincoln avoided the bondage issue because # 8220 ; He did non desire to lose the support of the war attempt that existed among Unionist slave holders in the boundary line provinces and antiblack citizens elsewhere in the North. # 8221 ; But as the war went on, Lincoln knew that the North needed a cause worthy of the forfeits the war required. The Emancipation Proclamation provided Lincoln with th e cause that he needed. This is the true ground Lincoln freed the slaves. In decision, Abraham Lincoln was a great adult male non for his beliefs on bondage but for continuing The Union. Lincoln did non keep a strong position on bondage and hence should non be known for his determinations on bondage. If Lincoln was non president during The Civil War, he might non hold been viewed and honored as one of the greatest presidents in American History. Bibliography Blum, John M. The National Experience A History of The United States New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1963. Hofstadter, Richard The American Political Experience And The Work force Who Made It New York: Vintage Books, 1948 Neely, Mark The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia New York: McGraw Publications, 1982 waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-78505557380590995102020-03-06T16:33:00.001-08:002020-03-06T16:33:03.416-08:00Red Chief WritingRed Chief Writing Free Online Research Papers Dear Sam, I truly think that Red Chief needs to leave. Red Chief is physically violent, heââ¬â¢s driving me mentally insane, and Iââ¬â¢m doing all the work while your not helping at all. This is your last chance. Iââ¬â¢ve gone through thick and think with you, but I wont take this much longer. I really think you should listen to me and consider why Red Chief should leave. Red chief has got to be the most violent youngster I know. You saw him throw a brick at me. That brick hit me in the eye. You saw that too. I donââ¬â¢t understand how that didnââ¬â¢t clue you in that heââ¬â¢s violent. Along with the brick he also hit me with a rock behind the ear. He also put a red hot boiled potato on me and then mashed it with his foot. But I think the worst was that he tried to scalp me with a knife. He wasnââ¬â¢t lying when he said the night before he was going to scalp me. Aside from being physically violent, his mental issues are driving me mentally insane. He was threatening to hit me with a rock half the size of coconut. He kept me up at night with his threats. Heââ¬â¢s making me exhausted. He kept me up at night for three hours reaching for his rifle, screeching ââ¬Å"hiss pardâ⬠into my ears. I need my sleep Sam. You know me, Iââ¬â¢m a grump in the morning if I donââ¬â¢t get enough sleep. Another thing. Itââ¬â¢s tiring having a child sit on your back for ninety miles while youââ¬â¢re crawling on your hands and knees. Itââ¬â¢s exhausting trying to keep him entertained. This child has no off button on him. Finally, I took care of him the whole time we were here. You never spent any time with him. So you wouldnââ¬â¢t know any of this. You wouldnââ¬â¢t know that he wants to stay with us. No. The whole time you were trying to get rid of him while I was putting up with him. Seriously I donââ¬â¢t think that anyone is going to pay 15,000 dollars to take back this little ball of evil. I know I wouldnââ¬â¢t. Like I said. This is your last chance. Itââ¬â¢s me or him. You and I, were like two peas in a pod. Were family. If you want to keep me, Red Chief has go to go. I will not put up with him any longer. And Iââ¬â¢m completely serious. Please take this into consideration. I would hate for you to lose me, and I would hate to lose you. Sincerely, Bill Research Papers on Red Chief WritingWhere Wild and West MeetNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThe Hockey GameEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHip-Hop is ArtCapital PunishmentUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresTrailblazing by Eric Anderson waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-72450326124462190852020-02-19T07:59:00.001-08:002020-02-19T07:59:03.430-08:00(Human Rights) and (Democracy and the Armed Forces) Essay(Human Rights) and (Democracy and the Armed Forces) - Essay Example Changes made to the justice structure in some states are essential for reinforcing the sovereignty of national courts. If the top leaders delegitimize a judiciary, it results in an absence of confidence from the people. Slowly, the people will have no option but to turn to illegal ways or implement human rights laws explicitly2. This implementation seems legitimate but it unavoidably results in an accumulation of cases. The avoidance of such cases forms the second reason the police should adhere to human rights and humanitarian law. If the police respect human rights and humanitarian law, the people would not have to resort to illegal ways. Police should adhere to human rights and humanitarian law by respecting the freedom of peaceful assembly3. States should strictly fight police immunity and make sure the law persecutes enforcement officers who violate the human rights of suspects appropriately. The law fosters and secures the ability of a police officer to implement the law the same way the United Nations protects and secures the publicââ¬â¢s human rights and humanitarian. Emphasizing the issue of discrimination in housing and learning, and racial profiling as specific issues can make it easier for the police to respect human rights and humanitarian law. Military operations largely entail peacekeeping missions that also largely preach human rights and humanitarian law4. As a result, it is only right for the same soldiers to respect the same laws they are attempting to instill. In fact, the most appropriate way to instill human rights is to implement them during their operations. Another reason for respecting human rights and humanitarian law during military operations is the necessary creation of safe conditions that foster the secure provision of humanitarian support. Even so, if the United States dispatches troops, the effect of the military activities ought to relegate the goal of humanitarian operations5. During waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-15036217802180500612020-02-04T06:19:00.001-08:002020-02-04T06:19:03.517-08:00Bladder washouts in the maintanence of long term indwelling catheters EssayBladder washouts in the maintanence of long term indwelling catheters - Essay Example It has been found that catheter material should be appropriately selected to allow for safe washouts. Washing out of the bladder with sterile fluid is known as bladder washout and it involves two types. One, bladder lavage and the other bladder irrigation. Lavage involves washing out the bladder in sterile fluid indicated to clear an obstructed catheter and to remove possible sources of obstruction due to blood clot or sediments caused by infection. Irrigation is the continuous washing out of the bladder in sterile manner indications for which are prevention of formation and retention of blood clots and rarely removal of heavily contaminated material from a sick urinary bladder (Dougherty, Lister and Lister, 2004 p 275). This paper deals with the role of bladder washouts in the maintenance of long-term indwelling catheters. Before going into detail of the washout mechanisms and other procedures involved, it is essential to discuss bladder function, incontinence and long dwelling catheters. The objective of this paper is to examine whether bladder washouts are ideal in the maintenance of long term indwelling catheters. Urine continence is the state of urine being stored in the bladder without involuntary leakage. Stress incontinence occurs when the subject exerts coughs or sneezes. Urge incontinence happens while in urgency. Mixed incontinence happens when there is a combination of exertion and urgency. A UK survey found that one in three had bladder dysfunction among 10,000 adults of age 40 and above interviewed (Getliffe and Thomas 2007p 1) Collection of urine at low pressure and regular voiding of urine are the functions of the bladder and lower urinary tract respectively. The bladder is located at the pelvic cavity just at the back of symphysis pubis. Lying outside the peritoneal cavity, it extends upwards as it gets filled between the peritoneum and the wall of the external body. waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-17551778568946953192020-01-27T02:43:00.001-08:002020-01-27T02:43:02.873-08:00The Leisure Ability ModelThe Leisure Ability Model Therapeutic Recreation seeks to promote the capacity and ability of groups and individuals to make self determined and responsible choices, in light of their needs to grow, to explore new perspectives and possibilities, and to realise their full potential. (reference) Within this assignment I am going to critically compare and evaluate the use of the following models in the Therapeutic Recreation Service: The Leisure Ability Model and the Health Promotion/ Health Protection Model. In doing so I will firstly describe the two models in detail and then critically compare and evaluate them both and their use in the therapeutic recreation service. The Leisure Ability Model: Every human being needs, wants, and deserves leisure. Leisure presents opportunities to experience mastery, learn new skills, meet new people, deepen existing relationships, and develop a clearer sense of self. Leisure provides the context in which people can learn, interact, express individualism, and self-actualize (Kelly, 1990). A large number of individuals are constrained from full and satisfying leisure experiences. It then follows that many individuals with disabilities and/or illnesses may experience more frequent, severe, or lasting barriers compared with their non-disabled counterparts, simply due to the presence of disability and/or illness. The Leisure Ability Models underlying basis stems from the concepts of: (a) learned helplessness vs. mastery or self-determination; (b) intrinsic motivation, internal locus of control, and causal attribution; (c) choice; and (d) flow. Learned Helplessness: Learned helplessness is the perception by an individual that events happening in his or her life are beyond his or her personal control, and therefore, the individual stops trying to effect changes or outcomes with his or her life (Seligman, 1975). They will eventually stop wanting to participate in activity or participate in any other way. They will learn that the rules are outside of their control and someone else is in charge of setting the rules. Their ability to take a risk will be diminished and they will learn to be helpless. Learned helplessness may present a psychological barrier to full leisure participation and it may, conversely, be unlearned with the provision of well-designed services. Intrinsic Motivation, Internal Locus of Control, and Causal Attribution: All individuals are intrinsically motivated toward behaviour in which they can experience competence and self-determination. As such, individuals seek experiences of incongruity or challenges in which they can master the situation, reduce the incongruity, and show competence. This process is continual and through skill acquisition and mastery, produces feelings of satisfaction, competence, and control. An internal locus of control implies that the individual has the orientation that he or she is responsible for the behaviour and outcomes he or she produces (Deci, 1975). Typically individuals with an internal locus of control take responsibility for their decisions and the consequences of their decisions, while an individual with an external locus of control will place responsibility, credit, and blame on other individuals. An internal locus of control is important for the individual to feel self-directed or responsible, be motivated to continue to seek challenges, and develop a sense of self-competence. http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif Attribution implies that an individual believes that he or she can affect a particular outcome (Deci, 1975; Seligman, 1975). An important aspect of the sense of accomplishment, competence, and control is the individuals interpretation of personal contribution to the outcome. Without a sense of personal causation, the likelihood of the individual developing learned helplessness increases greatly. Choice: The Leisure Ability Model also relies heavily on the concept of choice, choice implies that the individual has sufficient skills, knowledge, and attitudes to be able to have options from which to choose, and the skills and desires to make appropriate choices. Lee and Mobily (1988) stated that therapeutic recreation services should build skills and provide participants with options for participation. Flow: When skill level is high and activity challenge is low, the individual is quite likely to be bored. When the skill level is low and the activity challenge is high, the individual is most likely to be anxious. When the skill level and activity challenge are identical or nearly identical, the individual is most able to achieve a state of concentration and energy expenditure that Csikszentmihalyi (1990) has labeled flow. Treatment Services During treatment services, the client generally has less control over the intent of the programs and is dependent on the professional judgment and guidance provided by the specialist. The client experiences less freedom of choice during treatment services than any other category of therapeutic recreation service. The role of the specialist providing treatment services is that of therapist. Within treatment services, the client has minimal control and the therapist has maximum control. The specialist typically designates the clients level and type of involvement, with considerably little input from the client. In order to successfully produce client outcomes, the specialist must be able to assess accurately the clients functional deficits; create, design, and implement specific interventions to improve these deficits; and evaluate the client outcomes achieved from treatment programs. http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gifThe ultimate outcome of treatment services is to eliminate, significantly improve, or teach the client to adapt to existing functional limitations that hamper efforts to engage fully in leisure pursuits. Often these functional deficits are to the degree that the client has difficulty learning, developing his or her full potential, interacting with others, or being independent. The aim of treatment services is to reduce these barriers so further learning and involvement by the client can take place. Leisure Education: Leisure education services focus on the client acquiring leisure-related attitudes, knowledge, and skills. Participating successfully in leisure requires a diverse range of skills and abilities, and many clients of therapeutic recreation services do not possess these, have not been able to use them in their leisure time, or need to re-learn them incorporating the effects of their illness and/ or disability. Leisure education services are provided to meet a wide range of client needs related to engaging in a variety of leisure activities and experiences. (Howe, 1989, p. 207). The overall outcome sought through leisure education services is a client who has enough knowledge and skills that an informed and independent choice can be made for his or her future leisure participation. Leisure education means increased freedom of choice, increased locus of control, increased intrinsic motivation, and increased independence for the client. Recreation Participation: http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif Recreation participation programs are structured activities that allow the client to practice newly acquired skills, and/or experience enjoyment and self-expression. These programs are provided to allow the client greater freedom of choice within an organized delivery system and may, in fact, be part of the individuals leisure lifestyle. The clients role in recreation participation programs includes greater decision making and increased self-regulated behaviour. The client has increased freedom of choice and his or her motivation is largely intrinsic. In these programs, the specialist is generally no longer teaching or in charge per se. The client becomes largely responsible for his or her own experience and outcome, with the specialist moving to an organizer and/or supervisor role. As Stumbo and Peterson (1998) noted, recreation participation allows the client an opportunity to practice new skills, experience enjoyment, and achieve self-expression. From a clinical perspective, recreation participation does much more. For instance, recreation opportunities provide clients with respite from other, more arduous, therapy services. Leisure education programs may focus on: (a) self-awareness in relation to clients new status; (b) learning social skills such as assertiveness, coping, and friendship making; (c) re-learning or adapting pre-morbid leisure skills; and (d) locating leisure resources appropriate to new interests and that are accessible. Recreation participation programs may involve practicing a variety of new leisure and social skills in a safe, structured environment. In designing and implementing these programs, the specialist builds on opportunities for the individual to exercise control, mastery, intrinsic motivation, and choice. The ultimate outcome would be for each client to be able to adapt to and cope with individual disability to the extent that he or she will experience a satisfying and independent leisure lifestyle, and be able to master skills to achieve flow. Health Promotion/ Health Protection Model: The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model (Austin, 1996, 1997) stipulates that the purpose of therapeutic recreation is to assist persons to recover following threats to health, by helping them to restore themselves or regain stability. (health protection), and secondly, optimising their potentials in order that they may enjoy as high a quality of health as possible (health promotion). Within this model (Austin, 1997, p. 144) states that à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâ¦Ã¢â¬Å"the mission of therapeutic recreation is to use activity, recreation, and leisure to help people to deal with problems that serve as barriers to health and to assist them to grow toward their highest levels of health and wellness The health promotion, health protection model is broken up into four broad concepts which are the humanistic perspective, high level wellness, stabilisation and actualisation and health. Humanistic Perspective: Those who embrace the humanistic perspective believe that each of us has the responsibility for his or her own health and the capacity for making self-directed and wise choices regarding our health. Since individuals are responsible for their own health, it is critical to empower individuals to become involved in decision-making to the fullest extent possible (Austin, 1997). High-Level Wellness: High-level wellness deals with helping persons to achieve as high a level of wellness as they are capable of achieving (Austin, 1997). Therapeutic Recreation professionals have concern for the full range of the illness-wellness continuum (Austin, 1997). http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif Stabilization and Actualization Tendencies: The stabilizing tendency is concerned with maintaining the steady state of the individual. It is an adaptation mechanism that helps us keep stress in a manageable range. It protects us from biophysical and psychosocial harm. The stabilizing tendency is the motivational force behind health protection that focuses on efforts to move away from or avoid negatively valence states of illness and injury (Pender, 1996, p. 34). The actualization tendency drives us toward health promotion that focuses on efforts to approach or move toward a positively valence state of high-level health and well-being (Pender, 1996, p. 34). Health: King (1971) and Pender (1996) health encompasses both coping adaptively and growing and becoming. Healthy people can cope with lifes stressors. Those who enjoy optimal health have the opportunity to pursue the highest levels of personal growth and development. Under the Health Protection/Health Promotion Model, therapists* recognize that to help clients strive toward health promotion is the ultimate goal of therapeutic recreation. Further, therapists prize the right of each individual to pursue his or her highest state of well-being, or optimal health. TR practice is therefore based on a philosophy that encourages clients to attempt to achieve maximum health, rather than just recover from illness (Austin, 1997). The Component of Prescriptive Activities: When clients initially encounter illnesses or disorders, often they become self-absorbed. They have a tendency to withdraw from their usual life activities and to experience a loss of control over their lives (Flynn, 1980). Research (e.g., Langer Rodin, 1976; Seligman Maier, 1967) has shown that feelings of lack of control may bring about a sense of helplessness that can ultimately produce severe depression. At times such as this clients are encountering a significant threat to their health and are not prepared to enjoy and benefit from recreation or leisure. For these individuals, activity is a necessary prerequisite to health restoration. Activity is a means for them to begin to gain control over their situation and to overcome feelings of helplessness and depression that regularly accompany loss of control. At this point on the continuum, Therapeutic Recreation professionals provide direction and structure for prescribed activities. Once engaged in activity, clients can begin to perceive themselves as being able to successfully interact with their environments, to start to experience feelings of success and mastery, and to take steps toward regaining a sense of control. Clients come to realise that they are not passive victims but can take action to restore their health. They are then ready to partake in the recreation component of treatment. The Recreation Component: Recreation is activities that take place during leisure time (Kraus. 1971). Client need to take part in intrinsically motivated recreation experiences that produce a sense of mastery and accomplishment within a supportive and nonthreatening atmosphere. Clients have fun as they learn new skills, new behaviors, new ways to interact with others, new philosophies and values, and new cognition about themselves. In short, they learn that they can be successful in their interactions with the world. Through recreation they are able to re-create themselves, thus combating threats to health and restoring stability. http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif The Leisure Component: Whereas recreation allows people to restore themselves, leisure is growth promoting. Leisure is a means to self-actualisation because it allows people to have self-determined opportunities to expand themselves by successfully using their abilities to meet challenges. Feelings of accomplishment, confidence and pleasure result from such growth producing experiences. Thus leisure assumes an important role in assisting people to reach their potentials (Iso-Ahola, 1989). Core elements in leisure seem to be that it is freely chosen and intrinsically motivated. The Recreation and Leisure Components: Although recreation and leisure differ in that recreation is an adaptive device that allows us to restore ourselves and leisure is a phenomenon that allows growth, they share commonalities. Both recreation and leisure are free from constraint. Both involve intrinsic motivation and both provide an opportunity for people to experience a tremendous amount of control in their lives. Both permit us to suspend everyday rules and conventions in order to be ourselves and let our hair down. Both allow us to be human with all of our imperfections and frailties. It is the task of the therapeutic recreation professional to maintain an open, supportive, and nonthreatening atmosphere that encourages these positive attributes of recreation and leisure and which help to bring about therapeutic benefit (Austin, 1996). http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif According to Bandura (1986), bolstered efficacy expectations allow clients to have confidence in themselves and in their abilities to succeed in the face of frustration. Thus, clients feel more and more able to be in control of their lives and to meet adversity as they move along the continuum toward higher levels of health. It is the role of the TR professional to help each client assume increasing levels of independence as he or she moves along the illness-wellness continuum. Of course, the client with the greatest dependence on the therapist will be the individual who is in the poorest health. At this point the stabilizing tendency is paramount while the client attempts to ward off the threat to health and to return to his or her usual stable state. At this time the therapist engages the client in prescriptive activities or recreation experiences in order to assist the client with health protection. During prescriptive activities the clients control is the smallest and the therapi sts is the largest. During recreation there is more of a mutual participation by the client and therapist. With the help of the therapist, the client learns to select, and participate in, recreation experiences that promote health improvement. Approximately midway across the continuum, the stabilising tendency reduces and the actualising tendency begins to arise. Leisure begins to emerge as the paramount paradigm. As the actualisation tendency increases, the client becomes less and less dependent on the therapist and more and more responsible for self-determination. The role of the therapist continues to diminish until the client is able to function without the helper. At this point the client can function relatively independently of the TR professional and there is no need for TR service delivery (Austin, 1997). Comparison of the use of the Leisure Ability Model to the Health Promotion/ Health Protection Model in Therapeutic Recreation Services: The role of the therapeutic recreation specialist, in order to reverse the consequences of learned helplessness, is to assist the individual in: (a) increasing the sense of personal causation and internal control, (b) increasing intrinsic motivation, (c) increasing the sense of personal choice and alternatives, and (d) achieving the state of optimal experience or flow. In theory, then, therapeutic recreation is provided to affect the total leisure behaviour (leisure lifestyle) of individuals with disabilities and/or illnesses through decreasing learned helplessness, and increasing personal control, intrinsic motivation, and personal choice. This outcome is accomplished through the specific provision of treatment, leisure education, and recreation participation services which teach specific skills, knowledges, and abilities, and take into consideration the matching of client skill and activity challenge. Another strength is the Models flexibility. One level of flexibility is with the three components of service. Each component of service is selected and programmed based on client need. That is, some clients will need treatment and leisure education services, without recreation participation. Other clients will need only leisure education and recreation participation services. Clearly, services are selected based on client need. In addition, programs conceptualized within each service component are selected based on client need. flexibility allow the specialist to custom design programs to fit the needs of every and any client group served by therapeutic recreation. The ultimate goal of leisure lifestyle remains the same for every client, but since it is based on the individual, how the lifestyle will be implemented by the individual and what it contains may differ. As such, the content of the Leisure Ability Model is not specific to any one population or client group, nor is it confined to any specific service or delivery setting. Some authors, including Kinney and Shank (1989), have reported this as a strength of the Model. According to the model, intervention may occur in a wide range of settings and addresses individuals with physical, mental, social, or emotional limitations (Peterson Gunn, p. 4). The intervention model is conceptually divided into three phases along a continuum of client functioning and restrictiveness. The three phases of therapeutic recreation intervention are arranged in a sequence, from greater therapist control to lesser therapist control, and from lesser client independence to greater client independence. This arrangement is purposeful and is meant to convey that the ultimate aim of the appropriate leisure lifestyle is that it be engaged in independently and freely. Summary The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model contains three major components (i.e., prescribed activities, recreation, and leisure) that range along an illness-wellness continuum. According to their needs, clients may enter anywhere along the continuum. The model emphasizes the active role of the client who becomes less and less reliant on the TR professional as he or she moves toward higher levels of health. Initially, direction and structure are provided through prescriptive activities to help activate the client. During recreation, the client and therapist join together in a mutual effort to restore normal functioning. During leisure, the client assumes primary responsibility for his or her own health and well-being. Evaluation of both models and there use in therapeutic recreation services: The overall intended outcome of therapeutic recreation services, as defined by the Leisure Ability Model, is a satisfying, independent, and freely chosen leisure lifestyle. In order to facilitate these perceptions, therapeutic recreation specialists must be able to design, implement, and evaluate a variety of activities that increase the persons individual competence and sense of control. In relation to leisure behaviour, Peterson (1989) felt that this includes improving functional abilities, improving leisure-related attitudes, skills, knowledge, and abilities, and voluntarily engaging in self-directed leisure behaviour. Thus, the three service areas of treatment, leisure education, and recreation participation are designed to teach specific skills to improve personal competence and a sense of accomplishment. Csikszentmihalyi (1990) summed up the importance of these perceptions: In the long run optimal experiences add up to a sense of mastery-or perhaps better, a sense of participation in determining the content of life-that comes as close to what is usually meant by happiness as anything else we can conceivably imagine (p. 4). The therapeutic recreation specialist must be able to adequately assess clients skill level (through client assessment) and activity requirements (through activity analysis) in order for the two to approximate one another. Given Decis (1975) theory of intrinsic motivation which includes the concept of incongruity, therapeutic recreation specialists may provide activities slightly above the skill level of clients in order to increase the sense of mastery. When this match between the activity requirements and client skill levels occurs, clients are most able to learn and experience a higher quality leisure. To facilitate this, therapeutic recreation specialists become responsible for comprehending and incorporating the: (a) theoretical bases (including but not limited to internal locus of control, intrinsic motivation, personal causation, freedom of choice, and flow); (b) typical client characteristics, including needs and deficits; (c) aspects of quality therapeutic recreation program delivery process (e.g., client assessment, activity analysis, outcome evaluation, etc.); and (d) therapeutic recreation content (treatment, leisure education, and recreation participation). These areas of understanding are important for the therapeutic recreation specialist to be able to design a series of coherent, organized programs that meet client needs and move the client further toward an independent and satisfactory leisure lifestyle. Again, the success of that lifestyle is dependent on the client gaining a sense of control and choice over leisure options, and having an orientation toward intrinsic motivation, an internal locus of control, and a personal sense of causality. The Leisure Ability Model provides specific content that can be addressed with clients in order to facilitate their development, maintenance, and expression of a successful leisure lifestyle. Each aspect of this content applies to the future success, independence, and well-being of clients in regard to their leisure. http://dw.com.com/redir?tag=rbxira.2.a.10destUrl=http://www.cnet.com/b.gif The client has reduced major functional limitations that prohibit or significantly limit leisure involvement (or at least has learned ways to overcome these barriers); understands and values the importance of leisure in the totality of life experiences; has adequate social skills for involvement with others; is able to choose between several leisure activity options on a daily basis, and make decisions for leisure participation; is able to locate and use leisure resources as necessary; and has increased perceptions of choice, motivation, freedom, responsibility, causality, and independence with regard to his or her leisure. These outcomes are targeted through the identification of client needs, the provision of programs to meet those needs, and the evaluation of outcomes during and after program delivery. A therapeutic recreation specialist designs, implements, and evaluates services aimed at these outcomes Austin (1989) objected to the Leisure Ability Model on the basis that is supporting a leisure behaviour orientation, instead of the therapy orientation. A number of authors have objected to the Leisure Ability Model, having observed that its all-encompassing approach is too broad and lacks the focus needed to direct a profession (Austin, p. 147). Austin advocated an alignment of therapeutic recreation with allied health and medical science disciplines, rather than leisure and recreation professionals The Model in Practice The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model may be applied in any setting (i.e., clinical or community) in which the goal of therapeutic recreation is holistic health and well-being. Thus, anyone who wishes to improve his or her level of health can become a TR client. TR professionals view all clients as having abilities and intact strengths, as well as possessing intrinsic worth and the potential for change. Through purposeful intervention using the TR process (i.e., assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation), therapeutic outcomes emphasize enhanced client functioning. Typical therapeutic outcomes include increasing personal awareness, improving social skills, enhancing leisure abilities, decreasing stress, improving physical functioning, and developing feelings of positive self-regard, self-efficacy and perceived control (Austin, 1996). Conclusion: In conclusion to this assignment on the critical comparison and evaluation of the use of the Leisure Ability Model and the Health Promotion/ Health Protection Model in the therapeutic recreation services I found that.. Reference Page: waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-10607488689225227442020-01-18T23:06:00.001-08:002020-01-18T23:06:05.363-08:00Mexican Immigrant Life and Americanization in the 1920’sIn his book, Major Problems in Mexican American History, Zaragosa Vargas describes the Mexican Immigrant experience from 1917-1928. He begins by assessing the Protestant religious experience for a Mexican in the early 1920ââ¬â¢s, and then describes Mexican life in both Colorado in 1924 and Chicago in 1928. After defending Mexican Immigrants in 1929, he includes an outline of an Americanization program, followed by an anecdote of a Mexican immigrant in the 1920ââ¬â¢s. Vargas uses these documents to show the evolvement of Americanization of Mexicans from a community goal to a societal demand. Vargas begins with the Mexican Immigrant experience in the early 1920ââ¬â¢s, and describes it mostly as a community project spearheaded by the Church and called for the aid of volunteers. The children learned and studied English in school, so the programs focused mostly on courses in English for the wives and mothers of the community. These English courses consisted mostly of vocabulary for familiar and most frequently seen objects. Sunday schools resulted from this process, and in turn made way for the development of night schools, clinics, an employment bureau, and a boys and girlââ¬â¢s club. In Colorado in 1924, Mexicans played a respectable role in society as not only a decent part of the population, but also the labor force. Spanish-Americans took a notable part in politics, and were involved in many occupations that included mostly agriculture, mining, and steel works. The recreation was also important to Spanish-American life in Colorado; the somewhat newly developed buildings were a source of community for many. Mexicans in Chicago in 1928, Vargas argues, lived a very different lifestyle and endured different hardships than the Mexicans in the Southwest. They were a much smaller part of the community, consisting of small, well-defined neighborhoods and several smaller less defined colonies. These Mexicans lived in the poorest houses in these neighborhoods, and most buildings guaranteed poor living conditions for these families. Employment only came certain times during the year when demand for labor was high, and it was the Mexicans who suffered most when certain industries reduced labor. In the words of Anita Edgar Jones, ââ¬Å"They are the last to arrive and the first to be laid offâ⬠(Vargas). Mexican Life in Chicago during this time period served as a temporary solution for many families as they moved from recent arrivals to a more desirable place with better opportunity as they became more established and stabilized. Some neighborhoods were poorly organized for recreation, and even lacked Spanish-speaking employees at their community or recreation centers. Communities also lacked a Spanish-speaking priest, which is evidently different from early Americanization programs implemented in the Southwest in the early 1920ââ¬â¢s. After addressing and defending most of the problems of Mexican Immigration in 1929, Vargas moves on to an outline of a typical Americanization program in 1931, where the Mexican Immigrant experience evolved from a community project that supported and encouraged Mexican assimilation, to a list of demands and requirements for Mexican and Spanish Americans to be acceptable members of society. Vargas uses these documents to show the progression of assimilation of Spanish Americans and Mexican immigrants into American society in the 1920ââ¬â¢s. The life of a Mexican Immigrant during this time was very taxing, and these Americanization programs were used as a tool to attempt to create a society that operated under certain ideologies and values. As a result, this created an even stronger division between cultures, and prevented assimilation of the two groups. waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-57020255356057625062020-01-10T19:28:00.001-08:002020-01-10T19:28:02.056-08:00Dexterity ImpairmentDefinition: Dexterity Impairment (Arms/Hands/Fingers) Reduced function of arms and hands makes activities related to moving, turning or pressing objects difficult or impossible. This does not influence speech communication itself but makes it hard to make a phone call or use a wide range of other equipment. Big button phones, text-to-speech and other handy products If you have problems with dexterity you don't have to struggle with small buttons or fiddly switches. Many of our phones have features which may help make using them easier.More about Easy grip handsets Handsfree and headset options Large or well-spaced buttons Memory store to reduce the number of times you have to press buttons to make a call Speed dial options so you can store frequently used numbers under dedicated buttons for one touch dialing Pre-dial facility to check the number you have entered is correct before dialing Dedicated 1571 buttons for easy message retrieval. BT Big Button 200 The BT Big Button 200 is our most popular phone, with lots of features to make calling easier.It has large, well spaced buttons ideal for anyone who struggles to see a smaller keypad, easy volume controls, an inductive coupler for use with a hearing aid, and much more. . Simple tips to help with dexterity Keep items you use regularly in places that are easy to reach, perhaps get a cordless phone. Don't use your hands for a long period of time without breaks, you may like to consider a hands free telephone. Consider making adjustments to your home like adding hand rails or lever taps. waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-20694585617136498402020-01-02T15:51:00.001-08:002020-01-02T15:51:03.820-08:00The Corruption And Immorality Of The Catholic Church Machiavelliââ¬â¢s La Mandragola is a satire which focuses on major flaws in the world: the corruption and immorality of the Catholic Church. La Mandragola describes a great, wise, and virtuous woman, Lucrezia, who is turned sour and spoils. Lucrezia is manipulated by men to adhere to their wants and needs and, in the end, she becomes what every husband fearsââ¬âunfaithful. This is very comparable to the behavior of the Catholic church during the same period; thus, Machiavelli thought to draw a parallel between the two. Many times throughout history and literature the Roman Catholic church has been referred to using feminine pronouns, so it would only make sense for a woman to symbolize the churchââ¬âLucrezia. The parallel between Lucrezia and theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Madonna Lucrezia, in La Mandragola, is the epitome of every manââ¬â¢s dream for a wife. ââ¬Å"And he named Madonna Lucrezia, wife of Messer Nicia Calfucci, and he heaped such praise on her beauty and her manners that he amazed every last one of us, and in me he aroused such desire to see her,â⬠said Callimaco (Machiavelli). Although Lucrezia was loyal, holy, wise, and virtuous, she has yet to produce an heir for her husband. This inability to bear a child is not to any fault of her own because her husband is older and thus infertile, but this problem goes unacknowledged. Because of this problem, and the willingness to do anything for it to be fixed, she and her husband become susceptible to the cunningness of others. First, her husband, Nicia, is made a fool when another man, Callimaco, convinces him that he has a concoction to solve infertility. Similarly, infertility was the grounds on which Lucrezia Borgiaââ¬â¢s first marriage was annulled; but in fact, the marriage was no longer beneficial to her father Pope Alexander VI (Drees). However, there is one downside. The first man to sleep with Lucrezia after she has taken the elixir will die, so Nicia agrees to let another man lie with her first. Lucrezia, being her virtuous self, needed to be convinced to go through with the plan by her confessor, who is also corrupted and paid to tell her this act would not be sinful. ââ¬Å"As for whether the act is a sin, thatââ¬â¢s easy: because it is the will that sins, not the body; and itââ¬â¢s a sin ifShow MoreRelatedThe Catholic Church And The Middle Ages1283 Words à |à 6 PagesTHE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE MIDDLE AGES I wanted to do this research paper on the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages because the church has always fascinated me. I have always found the history and the corruption of the Catholic Church to be of great interest and when I read in Robinson Crusoe, when he stated something to the effect that he would rather be captured by cannibals than catholic priests , I decided to do this paper on the Catholic Church. I thought it was a very interesting statementRead MoreEssay on Chaucers The Canterbury Tales927 Words à |à 4 Pagescomments on moral corruption within the Roman Catholic Church. He criticizes many high-ranking members of the Church and describes a lack of morality in medieval society; yet in the ââ¬Å"Retraction,â⬠Chaucer recants much of his work and pledges to be true to Christianity. Seemingly opposite views exist within the ââ¬Å"Retractionâ⬠and The Canterbury Tales. However, this contradiction does not weaken Chaucerââ¬â¢s social commentary. Rather , the ââ¬Å"Retractionâ⬠emphasizes Chaucerââ¬â¢s criticism of the Church and society inRead MoreJames I Growing Hostility1391 Words à |à 6 PagesUse Sources 13 14 and 15 and your own knowledge. Do you agree with the view that the main reason for hostility towards James I in England, in the years before 1618, was the immorality and corruption of the royal Court? Before the years 1618, there were various factors which contributed towards the hostility of James I. These factors include his unpopular decisions, uneasy relations with parliament, matters of religion and finally the issue of his extravagant lifestyle in which he shared withRead MoreReligion : Wars Of Religion1140 Words à |à 5 PagesReligion Before and after the 16 th century, religion was not a characteristic that one used to describe an individual but it was a way of daily life - incorporated into individual and family values, beliefs, and morals. The Church played an active and vital role in the community by offering educational opportunities, the stability of religious presence, and agricultural necessities. These attributes made religion and politics intertwined with no simple way for leadersRead MoreTheme Of Morality In The Canterbury Tales820 Words à |à 4 Pagesby the Catholic Church. But often times, church members and the church itself were the most morally corrupt. Driven by greed and their own personal desires, people who were most successful in society did many things that would not benefit the common good, even though it was expected from them. These members were often the most dishonorable of anyone. They had wealth, therefore having the most power over anyone. In The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer he highlights the moral corruption in theRead MoreCanterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1380 Words à |à 6 Pagestime that Canterbury Tales was written it was a time of corruption of the Church. There were many clergy members that were mentioned in this story. Each of the characters was unique in the way they went against the standards they should be held to. The most in teresting this story was definitely The Friar. The Friar was a man a bit above the monk, he was supposed to dedicate his life to poverty, he was supposed to be a beggar for the church. As Chaucer writes in his novel the reader knows just becauseRead MoreAugustine And Two Fathers Of The Greek Church1702 Words à |à 7 PagesAugustine, and two Fathers of the Greek Church, St. Athanasius and St. Chrysostom (Interior of the Basilica.). Not far away, in the center of the crossed halls of Saint Peterââ¬â¢s and over the high altar sits the Baldachin, a giant bronze and gilt canopy with four twisting pillars. Decorated in olive and laurel vines with nude children at play and chasing swarms of bees to come to rest underneath the canopy at a golden dove, symbolizing, peace, victory in peace, purity and unity, and the Holy SpiritRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On The Church Of The 1400-1500s1436 Words à |à 6 PagesChapter 14 Unit Questions Pluralism attracted the most negative attention to the Church of the 1400-1500s because when Church-appointed officials did not show up to their benefices, leading to the lack of responsibilty of the Church officials. Immorality was mostly neglect of the rule of celibacy, however immorality was not entirely sexual transgressions, there was also clerical drunkenness, gambling, and indulgence in fancy dress. Ignorance was the lack of education, as many priests were barelyRead MoreThe History of the Anabaptists Essay883 Words à |à 4 Pagesare today. Throughout the Middle Ages the Catholic Church was subject to much criticism and disappointment. The Great Schism brought about a feeling of mistrust and separation. More and more people of Europe were beginning to lose their faith in the churchs leadership. One man by the name of Martin Luther ignited a group of people who believed that the Church had fallen away from the teachings of Jesus and their meanings. They also believed that the Church was overly obsessed with money. These believedRead MoreMonks, Religion, and Heaven: A Fatal Mix1178 Words à |à 5 Pages While people in positions of power hold many responsibilities, man is still fallible. This inevitable conflict is illustrated when Ambrosio, an idolized member of the church, succumbs to temptation and sins. In Matthew Lewisââ¬â¢ The Monk, Ambrosioââ¬â¢s downfall as an esteemed religious figure depicts the contamination and corruption of a man of God, and by extension, religion as a whole. The dissonance created within Ambrosio in turn jeopardizes a society and its faith in God. Ambrosio was highly waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-79542265775565565732019-12-25T12:18:00.001-08:002019-12-25T12:18:03.380-08:00The Value Of A Nation s Output Essay - 1835 Words The idea of ââ¬Å"not having enoughâ⬠daunts us humans ââ¬â in fact, we came up with economics, the study of scarcity. Beyond studying the allocation of resources, economists also aim to measure output and productivity. The measure of output has become highly relevant today and it is treated as a ââ¬Ëscoreââ¬â¢ between economies. Intuitively, the higher the output, the better. A nationââ¬â¢s output is measured as their gross domestic product, which takes into the account the spending of households, firms, governments, and net exports. The gross domestic product (GDP) is believed to be the best measure to reflect the standard of living. However, it lacks accuracy in the sense that non-monetary elements are not taken into account, which means that countries with high GDP may have a poor natural ecosystem or work ethic. For this reason, economic growth should not be pursued continuously at the expense of real quality of life, especially in developed nations. Economist E.J. Mishan, well known for his skepticism towards economic growth, strongly believes that we are at the brink and the end of economic growth is near. In his book ââ¬Å"The Economic Growth Debate,â⬠he stated: ââ¬Å"anyone having the slightest familiarity with the physics of heat, energy and matter will realize that, in terms of historical time, the end of economic growth, as we currently experience it, cannot be that far offâ⬠(Mishan, 1977). Mishan also noticed that pursuing economic growth in developed nations does more harm than good to theShow MoreRelatedThe Gross Domestic Product ( Gdp )974 Words à |à 4 Pagesmonetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country s geographic borders in a determined period of time. It is used as a quantitative measure of the total economic activity of a nation, and it is usually calculated on an annual basis. The GDP can be determined in three different ways: output or production measure, income measure, and expenditure measure. In theory, it should all give the same number. The output or production approach defines the GDP as the value of theRead MoreGlobalization Is An Ongoing Process, And The Process Of Globalization1666 Words à |à 7 PagesIntroduction: Indian Government announced the Globalisation policy in July, 1991 with the main aim of increasing the standard of living of the country people and putting the country s economy in the right direction. As a part of the structural adjustment of the policy, opening the gateways of Indian economy, one of the largest economies in the world, to the world in every sphere, be it trade, investment and allowing the multinational companies to make profit in the country, was essential. Now theRead MoreThe Study of Macroeconomics1507 Words à |à 7 Pagesdo output and employment sometimes fall and how can unemployment be reduced? â⬠¢ What are the sources of price inflation and how can it be kept under control? â⬠¢ How can a nation increase its rate of economic growth? â⬠¢ Objectives of Macroeconomics OUTPUT â⬠¢ high level and rapid growth of output â⬠¢ to provide goods and services that the population desires â⬠¢ most comprehensive measure of total output in an economy is the gross domestic product / gross national product â⬠¢ potential output is determinedRead MoreA Systematic Theory Of Population Theory1611 Words à |à 7 PagesAccording to the Economic Thought textbook the summary of Malthus Population Theory deals with the misery and poverty among the lower classes of every nations. Thomas Robert Malthus was the first economist to propose a systematic theory of population. He states that a population when unchecked leads to population grow exponentially (i.e., doubling with each cycle) while food production grows at an arithmetic rate (i.e. by the repeated addition of a uniform increment in each uniform interval of time)Read MoreGlobalization Has Taken The World By Storm1107 Words à |à 5 Pages1. Introduction In the recent years globalisation has taken the world by storm. Nations have become more independent which has been supported by transferring of products, services and capital between each other. For developing countries this can potentially lead to a sustainable industrial growth which has been seen as a the tool for fighting the poverty and inequality. Within the economic, cultural and political dimensions, the world economy gains the characteristics as strongly interdependentRead MoreAggregate Expenditure And Output Of The Short Run Essay1563 Words à |à 7 PagesAggregate expenditure and output in the short run. In principle, an economy is in equilibrium when the main macroeconomic variables tend to remain stable over time without external shocks. However, the conditions that this balance must fulfill differ according to the period in which we are analyzing the economy. In any economy, output, income, and aggregate expenditure coincide. However, this cannot be the equilibrium condition, since it is an identity. In order to be able to say that the economyRead MoreHistory Of Japan And West Germany1076 Words à |à 5 Pagescountriesââ¬â¢ different growth rates, accepting the notion that capital accumulation is the main cause, but refuting the idea that it is the only cause. Economic growth is an increase in the value of good and services- GDP- produced by a country, per member of its population, over time. GDP is measured through national output, income or spending. Capital accumulation involves the rate at which investment in capital occurs, relative to its depreciation (Swan, 1956)- the rate at which an economy possessesRead MoreAsian Tigers Vs. South Korea1473 Words à |à 6 Pagesbecame perfect in information technology. The four Asian tigers had maintained high economic growth since 1960, fuelled by export to developed countries and rapid industrialization, which enabled these economies to join the ranks of worldââ¬â¢s richest nations. The four Asian Tigers turned out to be an imperative role model for many of the developing countries and these countries include the ââ¬Å"Tiger Cub Economiesâ⬠comprising of Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand. Subsequent to the 1997 AsianRead MoreThe United States And European Union1374 Words à |à 6 Pageseconomic and political benefits. The hard economic time on both the United States and European Union is the main reason of this agreement. Another consideration is the growing economics of China. Europe and USA should work together for dealing with China s growing economy. Since the USA and the European Union was a big trading partner, they will remove tariff barriers and regulatory detention. The deal that balanced regulations on food, cars, toys, and pharmaceuticals is more necessary to save severalRead MoreTest Bank: International Economic1116 Words à |à 5 PagesSovereignity- supreme amp; independent power or authority in government as possessed or claimed by a state or community. Being sovereign nations can be more indifferent to the interests of others. As long as nations exist, international economics will always need a separate body of analysis distinct from the rest of economies. Globalization- worldwide integration amp; development; extending to other or all parts of the world Euro Benefits * Low interest rates due to a high degree of waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-71240247335554242062019-12-17T08:08:00.001-08:002019-12-17T08:08:02.960-08:00family culture Essay - 1736 Words Often times when we hear the word culture, we think of the differences of different countries. That statement may be true; however, there are different cultures within the same country, even within the same city. No matter what culture we call our own, there are distinct differences between that of other cultures around us. One of the major differences occurs in the realm of family; family affection to be more specific. When talking about family affection, we should consider many different aspects. It was my task and privilege to explore these aspects. I consider myself having a strong American culture. My family has been here for many years and has adopted the ââ¬Å"American Wayâ⬠. After being born and raised in Wisconsin, I now spend myâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Teresa, however, does show a little affection towards her family ââ¬Å"by teasing or making fun of themâ⬠¦the stupid things. By laughing together, thatââ¬â¢s how my family shows our affection toward each other.â⬠My family does tease each other too, however, we more of consider that having fun than showing affection. The simple act of showing affection is very different throughout different cultures. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another aspect of our different cultures is our reactions to the affection that is shown to us. As my family members show affection to me, I feel good about it. To me there is nothing better than to know that my family cares about me. I usually show affection back to them after they have shown some affection towards me. However, this is not the case with Teresa. ââ¬Å"If a family member did show affection I would probably just shrug it off and think they lost their mind for a moment or something,â⬠explains Teresa. Affection is very important in my culture, so if we showed affection toward a family member and that person just shrugged it off, we would think they are being rude or that something is wrong. A lot of how we treat each other as a family member depends upon reactions to affection and caring. One thing to think about when talking about a family showing affection to one another is how the family interacts in public as compared to in private. In my culture, it does not really matter if we are in public. We show just as much affection for one anotherShow MoreRelatedFamily Culture : Family And Culture1262 Words à |à 6 Pages Family and Culture I traveled to Germany last summer to visit my friend Janine I noticed many different behaviors in family life that differed from the culture home and family life.The family I stayed with seemed so connected compared to my own. The ways the families in Germany treat their guest is very different and far more hospitable than here in America. I was also surprised by how welcoming everyone I met from Janine s family. The biggest cultural shock thatRead MoreFamily and Culture1010 Words à |à 5 Pagesââ¬Å"Family culture is a unique way that a family forms itself in terms of rules, roles, habits, activities, beliefs, and other areasâ⬠(ââ¬Å"What is family culture?â⬠, 2002). The perception of family is an aspect of family culture; this includes the interactions within the family and with others. Some of these perceptions can be defined as myths. A myth is a belief about someone or something that is believed to be true, but it is false, made-up, or exaggerated (S. Yu, Lecture ). There are both positive andRead MoreFamily Culture1764 Words à |à 8 PagesOften times when we hear the word culture, we think of the differences of different countries. That statement may be true; however, there are different cultures within the same country, even within the same city. No matter what culture we call our own, there are distinct differences between that of other cultures around us. One of the major differences occurs in the realm of family; family affection to be more specific. When talking about family affection, we should consider many different aspectsRead MoreThe Culture Of The Family983 Words à |à 4 PagesEvery family has a different culture. Whether the culture is about religion, or within the immediate family, every family has a different outlook. Laney and her family have discussed what their culture is. Culture includes what the family does on a daily basis and traditions. On a daily basis Laney keeps in touch with her family. She calls her paren ts daily to talk about what has happened in her life, and her parents also call her to catch up. Laney has 1 sister who she was very close with growingRead MoreInfluence Of Family Culture And Their Influence On Family, Culture, And Environment873 Words à |à 4 PagesResearch has shown that a person is shaped by the influence of their family, their culture, and their environment. As far as I could remember my parents have always been there for me, always by my side cheering me on. I am lucky to have such wonderful parents because if it werenââ¬â¢t for their influence, I would not be the person that I am today. My father had a rough childhood growing up in New York. His family was poor and my grandmother was not very supportive, yet despite his living conditionsRead MoreThe Family Of Hmong Culture886 Words à |à 4 PagesWith the centrality of the family in Hmong culture, having sons or a son is very important as they are the ones who will take on the last name and lead the future generation of the family (Cha, 2010). Cha states, ââ¬Å"The clannish nature of Hmong society favors a son. A family that does not have a son is viewed as a burden to the clan and community, because such a family will not contribute much to the community,â⬠(p. 24). In the culture, the son(s) will take care of the parents as the daughter willRead MorePersonal Culture And My Family Culture Essay2114 Words à |à 9 PagesWhile looking upon my personal culture and my familyââ¬â¢s culture in an attempt to find appropriate dishes for this assignment, it became apparent to me that I have no definite culture. Whereas I have lived in Canada my whole life, my familyââ¬â¢s background has engaged me in varying cultures, though I have never felt truly attuned to one culture. On the other hand, my father is a first generation Canadian, his parents both from Scotland. Though aware of my Scottish origins and my grandparentsââ¬â¢ migrationRead MoreThe Family Of Victorian Literature And Culture1898 Words à |à 8 Pagesdo you see as the significant elements in representations of the family in Victorian literature and culture? â⬠¨Ã¢â¬ ¨ Intro There are many elements in representations of the family in Victorian literature and culture. In this essay, through Bronteââ¬â¢s Jane Eyre, Dickensââ¬â¢ Oliver Twist, and Gaskellââ¬â¢s Mary Barton, I will be focusing on family in relation to how society perceives and affects the individual in the family, how and whether a family is formed through blood relation or situation, In the mid-VictorianRead MoreEssay The Importance of Family in the Indian Culture809 Words à |à 4 PagesIndian culture is defined by relatively strict social hierarchy.â⬠He also mentions that from an early age, children are reminded of their roles and places in society. In my culture, family is given the first importance. This leads to limited freedom in career choices and no independence, particularly for women. Career choices and independence should be the first priority for any individual. In my culture, the choices made by a family member are mostly guided by the rules and goals of the cult ure, irrespectiveRead MoreThe Fatherhood Across Cultures : A Family Responsibility For Most Cultures2452 Words à |à 10 PagesFatherhood Across Cultures I. Introduction The job of child rearing is widely regarded as a maternal responsibility for most cultures rooted in patriarchal systems (Hossain et al., 2007), and any prevalent studies on the role parents play in childcare tend to focus primarily on the relationship between mother and child. Analysis on the involvement of fathers in infant/child development had been somewhat lacking in the spectrum of cross-cultural psychology research until recently, with the waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-33563468038621926262019-12-09T04:50:00.001-08:002019-12-09T04:50:04.534-08:00Should students have to wear uniforms free essay sample I think students should wear uniforms to school because it makes the school look better. It also helps with a dress code because students are wearing more provocative clothing giving the school a bad name and wearing uniforms will help the students appreciate discipline and look more professional. Promote equality and learning is what should be exercised in schools. School uniforms have positive benefits. First, there will be no difference between rich and poor. That will promote a sense of teamwork between students because they will all look the same, and that will make an equality between students. Second, school uniforms will allow children to focus more on learning and what needs to be taught Therefore uniforms will increase students self-esteem. Finally, school uniforms can be also a tool to save families time and money. Bullying on the other hand is a serious problem in schools. By having uniforms it would eliminate a lot of situations. We will write a custom essay sample on Should students have to wear uniforms? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It can help the bullying problem because kids get picked on for their clothes all the time, so if all the kids had on the same clothes that problem would be improved dramatically. Also, if kids wear regular clothes, they basically have no restriction in how they dress which leads to promiscuity. Promiscuity can distract other students from paying attention in school and maybe make them get lower grades. Thats why uniforms should be worn at all times. Students may feel inferior of what they wear just because they are poorer than the rest. Students might also dress inappropriately and therefore give the rest wrong idea. Students might also judge each other on what they wear. Students may get lost easily during learning journeys as teachers might leave them out thinking they are members of the public and therefore leave without them. I think that they stop most bullying. If all the students look the same nobody would be left out and excluded. Also other people would see that all the students are wearing the same thing they look organized and disciplined. Everyone would be able to tell that they belong to one place. Nobody would be left out, how could they, all of them look the same! This is because it could help prevent bullying. Im not saying bullying will stop if we have school uniforms, but it will help. School is a place to learn, not a place to dress up. Some families might not be able to afford it but that doesnt mean schools cant find uniforms that arent that expensive. Positive decisions kids would all be equal. Uniforms being mandatory in all grade schooling would be a positive change. When students are able to pick and choose what they wear to school, there is too much room for discrimination and judgment between peers. A student who cannot afford to wear fashionable clothes could be ridiculed. A student who dresses provocatively will draw negative attention to themselves. A student who is heavier than other students may stand more without a uniform. Students that show off their individual styles of clothing and self-expression really has no place in schooling. Attention should be on academics and sports, not on how a person dresses. In conclusion, by having all students wearing school uniforms is the best way to go. It will be easier on the parents pockets and they all show equality. Wearing uniforms in my opinion will cut out a lot of the fights and dress code violations. Also, it will make the school run more smoothly and productive. waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-56637352788970358842019-12-01T16:31:00.001-08:002019-12-01T16:31:04.971-08:00To find out what happens to the efficiency of a motor as I change the mass it lifts Essay ExampleTo find out what happens to the efficiency of a motor as I change the mass it lifts Essay When devices transfer energy, only part of it is USEFULLY TRANSFERRED to where it is wanted and in the form that it is wanted. The rest is transferred in some non-useful way and therefore it is wasted. The wasted energy and the useful energy are both eventually transferred to the surroundings. The greater the proportion of energy supplied to a device, THAT IS USEFULLY TRANSFERRED, the more efficient we say the device is.A motor is a device that transfers electrical energy into rotational kinetic energy, which can be used to lift a load. We are going to try and find out how the efficiency of a motor differs as we change the mass that it is required to lift. To do this we will let a small electric motor lift a small load 0.5m off the ground and work out its efficiency, increasing the weight of the load it has to lift by 0.1N each time we run it. Below is a diagram showing how the circuit for this experiment will be set up:As you can see, the motor has to be connected to the ammeter, vo ltmeter and the power supply. The ammeter is placed in series and the voltmeter is placed in parallel. The motor should be clamped tightly onto a stand over one metre off the ground. A piece of string capable of reaching to the floor should be attached to the spindle of the motor, whilst the other end should be attached to the mass hook.When the experiment is run, a stopwatch should begin timing as the power supply is switched on. Whilst the load is being lifted the amps should be read from the ammeter, and the volts from the voltmeter, at the same time. Once the load has been lifted 0.5 metres the timing should be stopped and the data recorded: weight (N), volts (V), amps (A), time (s). The basic raw data from the experiment has now been obtained. This process is repeated twice for each different weight that is lifted, amounting to a total of three runs per change in weight.The purpose of the volts, amps and time readings is to calculate the electrical energy supplied to the motor as it runs, or the total energy input, required later for calculating the efficiency. To calculate the total electrical energy supplied to any device we need to use to use the following formula:ELECTRICAL ENERGY (J) = VOLTS (V) ? AMPS (A) ? TIME (s)The volts, amps and time values were multiplied together to calculate the total electrical energy supplied to the motor in our experiment, as you can see in Table #1 in the Tables of Data section in the column headed Electrical Energy.PredictionThere has to be a weight that a motor is incapable of lifting. So although the motor can do more work by drawing more current, it must become less efficient.I predict that the line of best fit showing the trend on my results graph will look like:In other words, as the mass of its load increases, the efficiency of the motor will decrease by a uniform rate.I predict this because the heavier the weight, the more rotational kinetic energy will be required to turn the motors spindle to lift the weight. An increase in the amount of rotational kinetic energy being transferred must also result in:* An increase in friction affecting the motors moving parts, causing energy to be wasted in the forms of heat and sound.* An increase in the current drawn by the motor. This causes an increase in the resistance of the wires connecting the motor to the power supply, which in turn causes electrical energy to be wasted in the form of heat, lowering the amount of useful energy output, and therefore lowering the motors efficiency.Calculating EfficiencyIn order to find the motors efficiency each time we shall have to calculate several values. Firstly we need the raw data obtained from the experiment:* Weight Lifted (N): the weight the motor is lifting in Newtons.* Height (m): the height in meters that the load is lifted always 0.5m.* Volts (V): the voltage taken from the voltmeter in the circuit.* Amps (A): the number of amps read from the ammeter in the circuit.* Time (t): the time in seconds th at it takes the motor to lift its load 0.5m (50cm).We then need:* Average Electrical Energy (J): the average electrical energy supplied to the motor in Joules.* G.P.E. (= Movement energy) transferred (J): this is the useful energy output we get from the motor in Joules.Which allows us to calculate:* Efficiency (as a value between 0 and 1): the efficiency of the motor based on all the other values.On to a graph I can then plot:* Weight/Newtons LiftedAgainst* EfficiencyRESULTSTables of DataBelow is the data that I used to calculate the motors efficiency, set out in three tables of values, though the calculations used to convert the values are explained later. All of the numbers are given to two decimal places.Note: The calculations for these values will be explained later.Table #1: This table displays the three measurements of electrical energy taken each time the motor was run, and the weights it was required to lift.* = counted as an anomalous result not included when averaging dat aElectrical Energy (J)Weight (N)0.330.310.270.100.75*0.300.360.200.600.590.530.300.490.790.590.400.710.660.910.501.20*0.790.830.601.001.311.240.700.971.32*0.870.801.781.861.44*0.902.532.703.47*1.00Table #2: This table displays the average electrical energy supplied to the motor, the change in G.P.E. of the motor (the useful output) and the efficiency of the motor worked out from the other values.Average Electrical Energy (J)G.P.E.=Movement Energy (J)Efficiency0.300.050.170.480.100.210.570.150.260.620.200.320.760.250.330.810.300.371.180.350.300.920.400.431.820.450.252.620.500.19Table #3: This table displays the values to be plotted onto my results graph: Newtons lifted (weight of load) against efficiency.Newtons Lifted (N)Efficiency0.100.170.200.210.300.260.400.320.500.330.600.370.700.300.800.430.900.251.000.19ANALYSING AND CONCLUDINGBelow is a diagram of a running motor. An explanation of what is happening is given below.1. Electrical energy is supplied to the motor.a. Some of this electrical energy is transferred into the desired movement (rotational kinetic) energy in the motor this is useful energy.b. Some of the electrical energy is transferred into non-useful thermal (heat) and sound energy this is waste energy.2. The waste energy is lost to the surroundings.3. In this case the movement energy is now transferred into gravitational potential energy when the load is lifted.Energy has to be transferred from one form to another, e.g. a hairdryer turns electrical energy from a mains supply into movement energy (the fan), heat energy (to heat the air as it passes through) and sound energy (waste energy). You cannot create it or destroy it. Energy efficiency is how much of the energy you put into an appliance or machine is transferred into the useful energy that you are trying to get out. All machines in the real world have an efficiency that is less than 1 (or 100%). In the case of the motor above, part of the electrical energy put in is transferred into the useful movement energy, however, the machine also transfers its energy into two other waste forms: it creates a little heat and a little sound, caused by the force of friction on its moving parts, as in all machines. The greater the proportion of energy supplied to a device, that is usefully transferred, the more efficient the device.To calculate the efficiency of any device we need to use to the following formula:EFFICIENCY = USEFUL ENERGY TRANSFERRED BY DEVICETOTAL ENERGY SUPPLIED TO DEVICE So in the case of an appliance that coverts 200 joules of electrical energy per second into 150 joules/sec of waste heat energy, 20 joules/sec of useful light energy and 30 joules/sec useful sound energy EFFICIENCY = 50 ? 200 [? 100] = 25%We are trying to find out how the efficiency of a motor changes as we increase the mass it has to lift, so we need to remember that the efficiency of a motor is determined by how much of the electrical energy put in is transferred into useful energy output. Th e useful energy output is gravitational potential energy (GPE). Gravitational potential energy is the ENERGY STORED in an object because of the HEIGHT that the WEIGHT (due to the force of gravity on the object) of the object has been lifted against the force of gravity. If an object can fall, its got gravitational potential energy. The motor we used for our experiment was set up to lift a load 0.5 metres off the ground, in other words, the rotational kinetic energy of the motors spindle is transferred into movement energy (the same type really) as the load lifts, and by the time the weight has been lifted to its full height, all the movement energy will have been converted into gravitational potential energy, as the load can now fall. Because calculating efficiency requires that we know the useful energy output, we shall need a way of calculating the change in GPE of the load once it has been lifted (how far the weight has moved). To calculate the change in gravitational potential e nergy we use the following formula:CHANGE IN GRAVITATIONAL = WEIGHT (N) ? CHANGE IN VERTICAL HEIGHT (m)POTENTIAL ENERGY (J) So in the case of an object weighing 800N undergoing a change in height from 1000m to 3000m above ground, the GPE of the object can be worked out using the formula:CHANGE IN GRAV. POT. ENERGY = WEIGHT ? CHANGE IN VERTICAL HEIGHT= 800N ? (3000m 1000m)= 800N ? 2000m= 1600000JIn our experiment we calculated the GPE (useful energy output) like this:GPE = Weight of motors load in Newtons ? The height it was liftedThe height that the load was lifted remained the same throughout the whole experiment. The weight lifted was incremented by 0.1N to find how this affected the efficiency. The values for gravitational potential energy are displayed in Table #2 in the Tables of Data section, along with the averaged values for the total electrical energy supplied to the motor for each weight change.With these two values: Electrical Energy and Change in GPE, we have the necess ary data needed to calculate the efficiency of the motor. To calculate efficiency, we are required to use the formula:EFFICIENCY = USEFUL ENERGY TRANSFERRED BY DEVICETOTAL ENERGY SUPPLIED TO DEVICEWe can now substitute the two values needed to find the efficiency of our motor with our own data from the experiment, where GPE is the useful energy transferred and Average Electrical Energy is the total energy supplied:EFFICIENCY = GPE (J) ? Average Electrical Energy (J) Giving us the values shown in the column headed Efficiency in Table #2.Graph and Line of Best FitI have drawn a graph showing the results that I have collected. The correlation of the points made it possible to draw a line of best fit onto my graph. By looking at the graph it is possible to determine a clear trend, to find the optimum weight for the motors efficiency, and to spot any anomalous results.What I have found outBy looking at the graph you can see that the line of best fit shows a clear relationship between the weight of the load and the efficiency of the motor: at first, an increase in the weight of the load causes an increase in the motors efficiency. This is only true up until the weight reaches 0.6N, at which point the efficiency peaks, and the efficiency decreases as the weight continues to increase.I now know that the efficiency of a device does not remain constant, it is affected in some way by the work that it has to do.The gravitational potential energy is affected only by the change in mass (or the affects of a change in mass), as both the electrical energy supplied to the motor and the height the load had to be lifted were unaltered by us.In summary, I have found the efficiency of the motor increases whilst lifting relatively light weights, until the highest efficiency value is reached, at which point it begins to decrease.How close is this to my prediction?I predicted that the efficiency of the motor would decrease by a uniform rate as the weight of its load was increased. I p redicted this because I already knew that there must be a weight a motor is incapable of lifting, so its efficiency must be affected by the weight of its load. I also drew a sample of what I thought my line of best fit would look like. This turned out to be partially correct: the real line of best fit clearly shows the efficiency decreasing, but only after an initial increase before reaching 0.6N.My graph backs up these comments. As you can see, the weights tested that were higher than 0.6N produce a clear downwards trend, showing that the efficiency of the motor decreases as the weight of its load is increased.Explaining what I have found outThe first trend why does the efficiency increase?My results graph tells me that an increase in the weight of our motors load results in an increase in efficiency. In other words, the lighter the load, the lower the efficiency (up until 0.6N) why is this? I believe it is due to the fact that a light load does not produce enough tension in the string attaching it to the motor to prevent the string from slipping on the spindle. This would have made it appear on my graph that the motor itself was inefficient, when in fact it was due to the string gripping the spindle improperly. The string slipping was caused by a lack of friction between the string and spindle, resulting in less rotational kinetic energy in the spindle being converted into gravitational potential energy the efficiency of the motor appeared to be lower for lower weights, though in actual fact the energy output was altered by the string slipping, rather than by the efficiency of the motor. The reason for the initial rise in efficiency was that the greater the weight between string and spindle, the more friction, therefore the less slipping occurred, causing the gravitational potential energy (useful energy output) to be higher, regardless of the motors efficiency.The second trend why does the efficiency decrease?My line of best fit shows that increasing th e weight of the motors load beyond 0.6N causes a decrease in efficiency. There are several reasons explaining why an increase in weight causes efficiency to begin decreasing.FrictionFriction is a force that is created whenever two surfaces move or try to move against/across each other, i.e. the moving parts inside an electric motor. Friction always opposes the motion or attempted motion of one surface across another surface.1. Friction between the string and motor spindle: Our motor lifts its load by transferring the electrical energy supplied to it into rotational kinetic energy in the spindle. This winds the string causing the load to move, until all the movement energy has been transferred into gravitational potential energy. If we increase the weight of the load, there is increased tension in the string. This means that there is increased friction where the string is attached to the spindle, in other words, as the spindle turns, there will be more resistance between it and the s tring. The friction between these two surfaces results in heat and a little sound being produced. Because we know that energy can be changed from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed, we know that the heat and sound energy produced as a result of friction between the string and spindle must therefore have been transferred from the electrical energy inputted. Both heat and sound energy are non-useful to us in this case, therefore the more electrical energy transferred into these waste forms, the greater the apparent reduction in the motors efficiency. It is important to note that it is friction between the spindle and the string, not the efficiency of the motor that is responsible for a decrease in useful energy output in this instance. Though the graph makes it appear that the motors efficiency is decreased, the actual rotational kinetic energy transferred is not affected by this friction (unlike point 2 below), since it is during the intermediate stage, when the e nergy in the spindle is transferred to the load, that the GPE (the useful energy output that we measured) is decreased.2. Friction affecting the moving parts inside our motor: The heavier the weight, the more movement energy the motors spindle will need to have in order to lift the weight. The motor is able to draw more current allowing it to transfer a greater amount of rotational kinetic energy. An increase in the amount of rotational kinetic energy being transferred to the spindle (it has more spin) must also result in an increase in friction affecting the motors moving parts. This friction creates heat and a little sound, which can only have come from the electrical energy supplied to the motor, meaning that energy is wasted, lowering the motors efficiency. Essentially, increasing the weight of the load causes an increase in friction therefore decreasing the efficiency. This explains the decreasing trend we see on my results graph.ResistanceComponents resist the flow of current through them. They have resistance. Electric current is the movement of electrons through a conductor. Metals (e.g. wires) conduct electricity because the atoms do not hold on to their electrons well FREE ELECTRONS are present. The number of mobile electrons that are in a length of wire will produce a certain amount of resistance. This is because when current is passed through the metal the electrons of the particles are given energy allowing them to move. As they travel through the wire, they come in to contact with impurities and other particles, which they bump into. This collision releases some of the electrical energy as heat energy, which is lost to the surroundings. The greater the current, the more electrons flow. The more electrons flow, the more collisions occur, causing a greater amount of the electrical energy to be wasted as heat.In the case of our motor:* When we increase the weight of its load, we increase the amount of work the motor must do, or how much rotational k inetic energy must be transferred.* The motor is able to draw more current to allow it to do more work.* An increase in the current flowing through the motors wires* Causes an increase in waste heat energy* Which can only have come from the electrical energy supplied to the motor in the first place, therefore lowering the efficiency.Vibrating motorWhen motors work hard they have a tendency to vibrate or shake slightly. I believe this is due to conflicting forces inside the motor. When we increased the weight our motor had to lift, we caused these forces to become stronger, therefore the motor would have vibrated or shook more violently. This kinetic energy has to come from somewhere we know it must have been transferred from some other form, as energy cannot just be created It must have come from the electrical energy inputted. I now know that the motor vibrating contributed lowering the efficiency of our motor because an increase in the weight of its load causes more energy to b e transferred resulting in greater conflicting forces, making the motor vibrate, or lose energy as non-useful (waste) kinetic, decreasing the efficiency of the motor.0.6N why does it peak here?My line of best fit peaks at 0.6N, showing this to be the optimum weight for maximum efficiency for this particular motor. This must be the point at which the efficiency stops increasing, and begins to decrease. In other words, the amount of non-useful waste energy stops decreasing, and begins to increase instead. So why does the first trend cease? I believe that a load weighing 0.6N must have produced enough tension in the string, and therefore enough friction to grip the spindle of the motor effectively, allowing the motor to appear at its most efficient. Weights exceeding 0.6N however, caused increased friction affecting all of the motors moving parts, producing two waste forms of energy: heat and a little sound, enough to start lowering the motors efficiency. A large enough increase in re sistance and vibration of the motor were also factors that contributed to a decrease in efficiency.EvaluatingAnomalous ResultsIn my results table containing raw data from our experiment (table #1) I have marked any results that I considered to be anomalous with an asterix (*). These anomalous results were not averaged along with the others.On my graph I have circled what I consider to be a single anomalous result.I consider these results to be reliable because they do not fit in with the rest. Values marked with an * are not the values you would expect to come alongside the other two results from that particular weight tested. For example, take the three original values for electrical energy supplied to the motor when lifting 0.20 Newtons:0.75*0.300.36You can clearly see that 0.75 does not match with the other two results, nor does it fit in with what you might expect it to be, considering the results for other weights it is not part of the trend. It has therefore been marked as an omalous and not including when averaging.Are my results reliable?Indications of a reliable experiment are:1. Results that, when plotted on a graph, form a very clear trend. That is, a line of best fit can easily be determined, and many points fall on it.2. Results that, when plotted on a graph, do not present [many] anomalous results results that do not obey the general trend, which must be discarded/ignored when drawing a line of best fit.3. Results which, when an experiment is repeated, are close together for repeats. E.g. 0.32, 0.33, and 0.34 would be considered reliable in our experiment, as these could be averaged confidently.Bearing these points in mind, it is possible to judge the reliability of my results.When I plotted my final results onto a graph, I had to draw a line of best fit a line that best took account of the trend of all the valid results plotted. My line of best fit was difficult, but by no means impossible to draw. The points did demonstrate a trend, which cou ld easily be determined, but it was not possible to know exactly where to draw the line. The points are far too loosely arranged, and there are to few of them, to provide a strong enough trend to indicate an unarguable line of best fit. An unquestionably reliable set of results could look like this:However, my points merely suggested the shape of a line of best fit. Also, the sketch above shows many points falling directly on the line of best fit. My line of best fit has no points exactly on it, which shows how difficult it was to draw I was required to guess how the line would pass through the gap between two points, etc.The number of anomalous results in the data and on the graph can also show how reliable the results are. My original data for electrical energy in Table #1 contains quite a few anomalous outcomes, indicating that the results of my experiment are dubious. Things that are reliable tend to happen the same way time and time again, so a completely reliable experiment w ould produce very similar results for any repeats. Although my results contain several severely anomalous results, there not a great cause for concern, as the repeats that are not anomalous definitely have relationship to each other. They are close enough to be averaged reliably when the anomalous results have been omitted.As for anomalous results on the graph, there is only one clearly anomalous outcome in my opinion, which is the efficiency for the load weighing 0.8N. If all the results were this scattered, the results would be completely unreliable, but it is easy to recognise as anomalous, and the rest of the points still provide a strong enough pattern as to imply a trend and line of best fit.In summary, my results are quite unreliable, but are still useful and form a good trend. The graph agreed in part with my prediction, and can be explained using science. This shows that the results were fairly accurate and reliable, and although results were present that were obviously inc orrect, they were easy to spot and eliminate. However, the points on my graph were quite scattered and loose showing that my results could have been more accurate.Do I have enough evidence to support a conclusion?In my conclusion I tried to explain the results that I obtained. I believe that I do have enough evidence to support my conclusion, though I would have preferred much more data, and if possible collected in a more accurate way, as this would have made my conclusion far easier to back up the more evidence I have the more sure I can be about the statements I have made, and the larger the amount of data I have to draw upon and use to suggest a trend. This would have made the experiment more worthwhile, and the results far more reliable.I know I have enough results because it was possible to draw a line of best fit, and guess at how the trend would have continued. However, a good example of how I would have liked more evidence is at the very top of my line of best fit, where I have suggested the optimum weight for maximum efficiency of the motor to be. With our current set of results, we can not really be sure where the layout of further points would be around that area, and exactly how the line of best fit should be shaped. For instance, the optimum temperature could have been at a slightly different point, because I was unable to tell exactly when the line of best fit should begin to slope downwards when I drew it.Using science it is also possible for me to suggest what further results would be without doing further experiments. For example, I can predict how the line of best fit would be shaped for lighter weights.How well did I carry out the investigation? -Problems we had that affected the resultsDuring the course of the experiment, we encountered several problems that may well have affected my results.1. The ammeter and voltmeter readings: The ammeter and voltmeter readings were both taken at a given time whilst the motors load was being lifted. Th e displays were fluctuating, showing the readings to be inaccurate. Also, the two people taking the readings found it difficult to judge an accurate value, because of the changeability of the readings.2. Timing for lighter loads: Whilst testing lighter weights, the load was lifted too fast for an accurate measurement of time to be taken, using a simple stopwatch. Therefore the timing would have been inaccurate for some of the lighter weights tested.How fair was our test?I think that our experiment was very close to being as fair as possible, considering the time and equipment possible, because we considered all the things that might have made the results unreliable, even if we could not control them. We made sure to keep all of the runs the same by conducting them under exactly the same conditions, so we can be relatively confident about the accuracy of our results. However, the results are definitely unreliable, though this is mostly due factors beyond our control which shall be lo oked at later. Below are the ways in which we attempted to keep our experiment a fair test, thus increasing the accuracy and usefulness of our results.What we did to make it a fair:Using the same people to take time the experiment and say Now: We made sure to only the same two people for the following two jobs:1. Starting and stopping the stopwatch at the beginning and end of each run so that the time taken for the load to be lifted could be measured.2. Saying Now to indicate to the two other people reading the ammeter and voltmeter when the values should be taken.We made sure not to swap these people around because maintaining the accuracy of our results relied upon both the reaction time and hand-to-eye coordination of these two people. Changing them around would have meant using people with different reaction times, so the test would have been unfair.Conducting the experiment on just one occasion and not repeating on a different day: The whole experiment was conducted on a single occasion. We did not allow the experiment to take place over several days, because the equipment we would have used would have been different, causing unfairness in the results. For example, we almost certainly have used a different motor, which, although it might look similar, would have been slightly different than the first, as they are not precision made. The efficiency for this motor would have different and therefore the data as a whole would have been unreliable.When we first looked at our results graphs, a clearly anomalous result was apparent (this point has been ringed on my graph). Although it was tempting to go back to the experiment, set everything up as close as possible to before and test that weight again, we did not do this. If we had, different equipment would have made our results inaccurate. The resistance of the wires used and of the motor would have been different, as length and amount of rust or damage can alter this. Also, we had no guarantee of using the sa me motor again, which is vital when testing efficiency.Calculating averages and omitting anomalous results: When carrying out the experiment, we made sure to test each weight of load three times, recording the electrical energy input for each repeat. The experiment threw up several anomalous results that can be seen in the raw data. When we calculated an average electrical energy value for every three repeats we omitted any anomalous results. These were results that were unexpected, and gave clear signs that something went wrong during that run, e.g. a hiccup in the motors efficiency, or a misread ammeter value. By omitting these results, I was able to give a fairer set of results, consequently increasing the reliability and ease with which my results could be analysed.Keeping the height from which the load started from the same each time: To keep the amount of electrical energy needing it be transferred into gravitational potential energy the same for every lift, we made sure that the motors load was place at exactly ground level, with the string taut every time the experiment was run. If the load was above ground level, it would have taken less energy to be transferred to lift it 0.5m, giving an unfair picture of the efficiency. We made sure that the sting was taut each time, because if it had been slack, the motor spindle would have had to complete more rotations in order to wind the string and lift the weight.What may have caused anomalous results?When we conducted the experiment everything went relatively well and according to plan. We did everything we could to keep it a fair test and tried to control all the factors that might have made the results inaccurate. However, there were many things that could have caused inaccuracy that were beyond our control, some of which were:1. Reaction time/human error: The accuracy of the results relied heavily on the consistency of the timings, carried out by someone stopping and starting a stopwatch when the power was turned on and when the load had been lifted 0.5m. However, it is impossible to time an experiment completely accurately using such basic equipment, and without letting human error affect the results. Slight (but nonetheless important) imprecisions will have occurred when timing how long it took the motor to lift its load, causing the results to be inaccurate and unreliable.2. The way in which the string wrapped around the spindle: The string could be seen winding round the motors spindle in different ways. This would have affected the amount of friction between string and spindle, which could have both lowered the efficiency or increased it.3. Motor efficiency being altered of its own accord: The motor itself may have caused anomalous results. Sometimes it seemed to run very slow, at other times very fast, regardless of what weight it was lifting. This could have been due to the motor drawing too much current, or internal parts functioning irregularly or not as they should.4. Ammet er and voltmeter readings: The ammeter and voltmeter readings were fluctuating, so it is doubtful if they are accurate. This could also mean that the motor alters the amount of current it draws as it lifts its load. This means that a reading taken at one given point will not give an exactly fair representation of the electrical energy being inputted. In an attempt to combat this problem, we read the ammeter and voltmeter when the load had been lifted exactly half way. This however, could have caused the results to be inaccurate for a different reason, as it relied upon someone saying Now when the load had been lifted 0.25m off the ground. This means the results will have been affected by human error and reaction time how soon after waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-34618265812963649982019-11-26T18:29:00.001-08:002019-11-26T18:29:04.747-08:00Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers French Indochina and the Lover EssaysSexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers French Indochina and the Lover Essays Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers French Indochina and the Lover Essay Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers French Indochina and the Lover Essay Essay Topic: Empire Falls In Love and Trouble Stories of Black Women Saint Joan Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers, European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusion in Colonial Southeast Asia. Ann Laura Stoler Race and the Education of Desire, Fauoultââ¬â¢s History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things. Ann Laura Stoler Introduction We will be presenting two essays by Ann Laura Stoler. The first essay, ââ¬Å"Race and the Education of Desireâ⬠, Foucaultââ¬â¢s history of sexuality discusses class, race and desire in terms of family and state regulations which are identified as the moral [bourgeois] code in the colonial context of Indochina. The second essay, Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers, European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusion in Colonial Southeast Asia is focused on the construction of colonial categories in relation to people belonging to various geographical and cultural roots. Background of French Colonial Expansion: During the nineteenth century, France embarked on a series of conquests, annexations, and campaigns of pacification. From 1900 to 1914 the pacification of various colonies continued, agreements were signed with local authorities, and administrative organizations were put in place that imposed French models for schools, hospitals, and the army. Colonists began developing infrastructures which facilitated the exportation of raw material to metropolitan France. French Indochina It was a colony of commerce which was under the French rule in the 1860s and in the 1870s the Europeans began to settle here, in 1900 approximately 91 thousand settlers were classified European in the Indies. The metis population is also included in this estimate. Race and the Education of Desire, Foucaultââ¬â¢s history of sexuality Stoler represents bourgeois classism in its linkage to racism. The Bourgeois code is discussed as a desire to defend its members from the pollution of the primitive others. The former are considered as threat and enemy of the White culture. Bourgeois fear of assimilation [re]establishes boundaries and influences the entire society [the other social groups]. This moral bourgeois code, represented in the film, is politically defended and implemented in everyday life, it presents prescriptions for both, bourgeois [the lower-class Whites] and natives. In other words the external boundaries of the group are required to be defended by all its members. Hence, racism is established as exposed to the individual and the group explicit regulations. The moral code basically defines appropriate gender and sexual behavior of both men and women. Male and female sexual boundaries are different in that manââ¬â¢s sexuality is less regulated than that of women. Male sexual behavior requires less attention in the colonial context. Manââ¬â¢s outside- camp [home] sexual relations remain unregulated as far as they do not include interracial marriage. The concombinage with native women turn into wide-spread practice. However, the opposite also became a practice as well [ white women with native men] [p. 183] Masculinity defines its hierarchy: at the bottom the native men. The formerââ¬â¢s sexuality became under question. The native men were deprived by their masculinity within the colony; they were effeminized. They were seen as less capable men [in the context of Indochina], both sexually and socially. They were gazed as primitive unable to [reason]â⬠¦. ââ¬Å"it takes two of you to do the jobâ⬠Crossing the race and class boundaries becomes a morality issue. The invisible ties separate different classes and races. However, that question becomes more complex in the colonial context. The sexual relations among economically lower status bourgeois and middle class native complicate the race and class categories. Besides, those interracial relations did not challenge the racism [the invisible ties played out their role], neither the created stereotype regarding the native men. Nevertheless, the boundaries were policed from the both sides of the borderline. Natives were also defending the racial purity of their community. They used those stereotypes for their own purposes. Their weakness became their strength, a strategy to protect the purity of their culture. ââ¬Å"No two of me four of me. You donââ¬â¢t know how weak I amâ⬠In the geographical setting of French Indochinaâ⬠¦ I will mention how sexuality plays a crucial role on creating and confusing colonial categories. The French film ââ¬Å"The Loverâ⬠provides us with a creative insight to see, as Stoler describes, those who ââ¬Å"ambiguously straddled, crossed, and threatenedâ⬠the imperial divides. I will look closely at the story of ââ¬Å"metissageâ⬠and mention the generation that emerged from it : ââ¬Å"metisâ⬠in colonial context at the turn of the century. This will bring us to an overall view of how gender and race intertwined, how racial frontiers are created with respect to sexualities. And how much they matteredâ⬠¦ For general Western spectatorship, Vietnam does not exist outside of the war. And she no longer exists since the war has ended, except as a name, an exemplary model of revolution, or a nostalgic cult object for those who, while admiring unconditionally the revolution, do not seem to take any genuine, sustained interest in the troubled reality of Vietnam in her social and cultural autonomy. The more Vietnam is mystified, the more invisible she becomes. (Trinh T. Minh-ha, When the Moon Waxes Red, 100) Sexual Affronts European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusion in Colonial Southeast Asia ââ¬Å"The neat boundaries of the colonial ruleâ⬠were maintained by referring to the distinctions between: * Cultural sensibilities * Physical attributes * Political sentiments How did this story reflect the ââ¬Å "tensions of Empireâ⬠? Itââ¬â¢s plot was a combination of: * Racial category * Sexual Morality * National identity Locating Sexuality in Empire The cultural contingency of sexualityâ⬠¦ â⬠¦appears in colonial contexts 1) Sexuality Race A sexual subculture emerges in the colonial context: Constructions of racial difference, in turn promotes or restricts particular reproductive relationships. Demography, Eugenics and Moral Degeneration are intertwined within the Imperial codes of race and sexuality. Racial hierarchies regulate sexual desire, by encouraging or discouraging it. 2) Invention of private/domestic realm ? public/civil realm Separation of social life into distinct gendered realms implies, first and foremost, that sexuality is associated with the private realm by masking the sexual politics of the colonial institutions. The heterosexual underpinnings of colonial imperial hierarchies and domestic / public spheres are always conscious in the colonial setting. Joane Nagel ââ¬â Ethno-sexual Frontiers An ethno-sexual double standard: Powers of domination prevent ââ¬Å"ourâ⬠women from having sex with ââ¬Å"theirâ⬠men; but our ââ¬Å"menâ⬠can have sex with their women without sancion. It is important to note that the Empire itself is sexualised as the penetration and domination of feminized primitive lands and peoples by virile and masculine bodies. ââ¬Å"Concubinageâ⬠as one of the new sexual subjectivities Emotional and economic shelter for those on the margins of the normative heterosexuality. Sexuality emerges in the colonial context as a ââ¬Å"weapon of the weakâ⬠(Scott 1985). ââ¬Å"Metissageâ⬠ââ¬â a cultural category ââ¬Å"Metissageâ⬠is both referred to as ââ¬Å"cultural creolizationâ⬠and ââ¬Å"cultural cross-breedingâ⬠. Metissage is an extension of the word ââ¬Å"metisâ⬠, encompassing social, cultural, historical, racial and aesthetic concerns that can not be fully translated into English. ââ¬Å"Metissage under debateâ⬠In Stolerââ¬â¢s essay, we are confronted with the fact that such a bonding was an object of political, legal and social debate. It was conceived asâ⬠¦ * A threat to White prestige * An embodiment of European degeneration * An indicator of moral decay Metis Metis is translated as ââ¬Å"half-breedâ⬠ââ¬Å"half-casteâ⬠or mixed blood and carries with it a negative connotation. Discussion of children of mixed parentage the odd one out in an exotic asylum- Emmanuelle Saada, ââ¬Å"Children of The Colonies: The Metis of the French Empire: Citizens or Subjects? â⬠Associate Professor and Director of the Center for French and Francophone Studies Colonial Representations of sexuality in the moving pictures â⬠¦ The 1980s and 1990s The colonial syndrome Colonialism became a topic that was dealt with in many domains, from studies of colonial cultures to research in history and anthropology. Cinema played an important role in this exploration of the colonial past. Those films are the imaginings and refigurings of colonial culture and life and of colonial wars: for Africa, Claire Deniss Chocolat (1988); for Indochina, Jean Jacques Annauds LAmant (1992), Regis Wargniers Indochine (1992). Even though these films do not mean to be truthful renderings of the past, they are presenting images of the former colonies, of life in the contact zone from a Eurocentric point of view. They capture what overseas stood for in the minds of French spectatorstropical, exotic places: the teeming life of the oriental neighborhood of Cholon in LAmant, the haunting beauty of the Bay of Ha Long in Indochine, the wide landscapes of Africa in Chocolat. Pictures of the landscapes of Lââ¬â¢amant and Indochine here! They show the French colony as a territory, and as a multiethnic society where French individuals from different classes and regions lived side by side with native populations under rules, established hierarchies and asymmetries designed to privilege the French and to exploit the land and the natives. These films provide concrete examples of what colonization meant the importation of French traditions through the French administration, which organized and ruled different countries of the Empire. The Lover (Lââ¬â¢amant) Director : Jean-Jacques Annauds Adaptation of Marguerite Duras 1984 novel. Narrative of The Lover Set in French Indochina in the 1930s, the narrative explores a young French schoolgirls erotic affair in a colonial background. The protagonist is a 15 year-old girl, the daughter of French school teachers who left France to resettle in Indochina in order to better their social status. She is sent to a Saigon boarding school, and on her trip meets Tony Leung; a 32-year old wealthy Indochinese man of Chinese origins. They look at each and they both see a blinding white flash; its kismet. (fate) They meet in his bachelor room where they revel in a wide variety of creative sexual encounters. She comes from a troubled family. Having failed in a land-exploitation scheme, the mother falls into semi-madness. She leaves her children entirely free to do as they wish. It appears that her family would not approve of an interracial tryst. But neither would his father, since in order to inherit his wealth, he must not break from a traditional Chinese arranged marriage. Annaud organizes the screenplay around this interracial relationship, the impossible metissage. The following spot from the Lover will provide for us visual representation of those compicated relations which occured in the colonial context. The Lover, in depth analysis The film is a representation of the socially constructed character of race and the detrimental effects of these classifications had on non-white peoples in the coloniesâ⬠¦ Metis in Indochina: In Indochina the term applies to persons of French-Vietnamese descent. ââ¬Å"Metisseâ⬠or woman of a mixed race always invoked the erotic and the exotic imagination in the French Literature. It is the primitivism that the European appealed to. She is the representation of the ââ¬Å"domesticated primitismâ⬠. (the film ââ¬â young metisse ââ¬â highly eroticised) To a large extent, the female protagonist functions as the ââ¬Å"exoticâ⬠metisse. The director represents her as an ââ¬Å"exotic spectacleâ⬠to be gazed, so that the ââ¬Å"female subjectivityâ⬠is centralized in the filmââ¬â¢s representation. The young Duras is a ââ¬Å"cultural metisseâ⬠ââ¬â she is the ideal metisse, a European but born in the colonies. And she is transformed into an erotic figure. ââ¬Å"Slender wrists and thick black hairâ⬠The young Durasââ¬â¢ physical features indicate her belonging to the Indochina geography, and this very resemblance of her to the girls from Indochina makes her Chinese lover feel related to herâ⬠¦ This time, the adolescent white European woman is subjected to the male Oriental gaze ââ¬â typically contrary to the stereotypical colonial gazeâ⬠¦ Screening of the exotic ââ¬Å"Otherâ⬠The use of eroticism and sexual attraction between the races is inscribed in the films screenplay, as well as the fascination for the Other, be it for a geographical or human landscape. The Lover exposes directly the colonial situation from the position of the colonialist. It examines the parameters of an exotic passion between two people from different social and racial backgrounds, but it is limited to the geography of the Cholon bachelors bedroom. Braving the Boundariesâ⬠¦ Duras herself braved both French and Chinese cultural taboos by involving in a relationship with a long-time colonial ruler over the Indochinese population. Their romantic affair is an imperial narrative which places (class) exploitation out of the picture. Yet the class difference between the young French girl and the Indochinese/Chinese man is one of the major components of their relationship. At least, it is one by which Duras justifies the relationship: she is the daughter of a deprived colonizer in need of money, and he is the wealthy, educated son of a Chinese merchant. Once this class distinction is established, exploring interracial desire does not lead to rethinking colonial consciousness, but takes the shape of a cinematic tool as sexuality became a power toolâ⬠¦ Inter-racial intimacy overshadowed by the colonial ties â⬠¦ The Lover explores the colonial ties between France and Indochina under the primarily erotic and sexual components of a nubile order, leading to a surface exploration of interracial intimacy. The stories conclusion shows the European reabsorption of the colonizer, whereas the native reintegrates the colonial space assigned to him/her. The Chinese lover marries his Chinese bride â⬠¦ The film is much concerned with the characteristics that racial difference bestowed upon the Indochinese, neatly illustrated by his discussion of possible mixed marriages. Maurice Rondet-Saintââ¬â¢s book: Dans notre Empire Jaune (1917), is concerned with the characteristics that racial difference bestowed upon the Indochinese. It seems to be more particularly the individual role of the mother who fails to upbring her children as an ordinary member of the White colonial society. In this sense, those children were exposed to the native culture. Hence, they become less White, polluted by the ââ¬Å"uncivilizedâ⬠. The profoundly gendered view of the issue of culturally mixed race children is emphasized by Stoler that even fully European children in colonial context were seen ââ¬Å"White but not quiteâ⬠. Conclusion Mixed-race sexual relations [especially women] posed a threat because they blurred the sharp distinction between citizens and subjects on which the colonial order rested. This film explores the central place of the à «metis problemà » in the management of colonial sexuality. Indochina in that context served as a laboratory for the ââ¬Å"metis questionâ⬠, but it is also an account of a global Empire marked by the persistent challenge of maintaining boundaries between citizen and subject. By exploring the intersection between sexuality, race and class in the colonial context through a cinematographic representation, we hope we have provided with a solid insight on the matters raised by Stoler on Racial Frontiers, Colonial Identities and the place of desire. Extras: Two figures in academia with an insightful touch on the colonial Indochina: 1) Panivong Norindr, in Filmic Memorial and Colonial Blues: Indochina in Contemporary French Cinema in the book Cinema, Colonialism, Postcolonialism. Perspectives from the French and Francophone Worlds. Ed. Dina Sherzer French culture- its love affair with Indochina- resulting in a number of novels and films. He considers three filmsIndochine, LAmant, and Dien Bien Phuin order to examine how they participate in the construction of a collective memory of Indochina. He concludes that these films sustain and reinforce the founding myths of the colonial presence in Indochina. 2) Srilata Ravi, in ââ¬Å"Metis, Metisse and Metissage: Representations and Self-representationsâ⬠in the book Asia in Europe, Europe in Asia By Farid Alatas (Syed. ), Srilata Ravi, Mario Rutten, Beng-Lan Goh : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Nagel, 2000. Ethnicity and Sexuality. Annual Review of Sociology. 26 Pratt, 1992 ââ¬â Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London: Routhledge Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven, CT. Yale University Press. waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-38737177231218385782019-11-23T02:03:00.001-08:002019-11-23T02:03:03.194-08:00How to Rename or DefineHow to Rename or Define How to Rename or Define How to Rename or Define By Mark Nichol When constructing a sentence in which a term or concept is described in other words or a meaning is given, use these guidelines for punctuating the parenthesis. When using namely, which establishes that one or more examples or names of a thing will be provided, or employing phrases that serve a similar purpose (such as ââ¬Å"for exampleâ⬠and ââ¬Å"that isâ⬠), always follow the word or phrase with a comma. The punctuation preceding the word or phrase depends on the structure of the sentence. (The abbreviations e.g. and i.e., representing Latin phrases equivalent to ââ¬Å"for exampleâ⬠and ââ¬Å"that is,â⬠respectively, are discouraged in formal prose in favor of the English phrases except in parentheses or in notes; use the same surrounding punctuation for the abbreviations as for the phrases.) When what follows is a simple phrase and not an independent clause, precede namely and the like with an em dash to signal that one is transitioning from discussing something to providing examples about it: ââ¬Å"Constitutional law defines the interrelationships between various branches of government within a state namely, the executive, the legislative, and the judicial.â⬠Alternatively, enclose the additional information in parentheses: ââ¬Å"I enjoy reading nineteenth-century historical adventure novels (for example, those by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Sir Walter Scott, and Robert Louis Stevenson).â⬠If the word or phrase, and what follows, is an independent clause, start a new sentence or precede the word or phrase with a semicolon: ââ¬Å"I agree with what you said. That is, I agree if I understand what you meant.â⬠ââ¬Å"I agree with what you said; that is, I agree if I understand what you meant.â⬠An em dash may be used in place of the period or semicolon to signal an abrupt addition to the preceding statement, or use parentheses to represent an afterthought. Another option, in place of using namely, is to employ a colon, which among other purposes is used to indicate an expansion or explanation: ââ¬Å"Constitutional law defines the interrelationships between various branches of government within a state: the executive, the legislative, and the judicial.â⬠ââ¬Å"For example,â⬠ââ¬Å"that is,â⬠and similar phrases can be used following a colon or an em dash: ââ¬Å"I enjoy reading nineteenth-century historical adventure novelists: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Sir Walter Scott, and Robert Louis Stevenson, for example.â⬠ââ¬Å"I enjoy reading nineteenth-century historical adventure novelists that is, writers like Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Sir Walter Scott, and Robert Louis Stevenson.â⬠(Either phrase can precede or follow the examples, but ââ¬Å"for exampleâ⬠usually comes at the end and ââ¬Å"that isâ⬠usually appears at the beginning.) Use of ââ¬Å"in other wordsâ⬠as a transitional phrase follows these patterns (the particular method of punctuation depends on the context specific to a sentence): ââ¬Å"We have insufficient funds to continue operating in other words, we are broke.â⬠ââ¬Å"We have insufficient funds to continue operating. In other words, we are broke.â⬠ââ¬Å"We have insufficient funds to continue operating; in other words, we are broke.â⬠ââ¬Å"We have insufficient funds to continue operating. (In other words, we are broke.)â⬠One similar point about punctuation is how to provide a gloss, or a brief definition, as Iââ¬â¢ve done in this sentence for the word gloss: Set the gloss off from the term with a pair of commas. Alternatively, enclose the gloss in parentheses, especially if the gloss is a translation: The word is chico (ââ¬Å"boy,â⬠ââ¬Å"child,â⬠or ââ¬Å"smallâ⬠). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 101Proved vs. ProvenGlimpse and Glance: Same or Different? waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-34627779900579612142019-11-21T03:56:00.001-08:002019-11-21T03:56:17.230-08:00What does Sartre mean by human beings existence preceding their EssayWhat does Sartre mean by human beings existence preceding their essence Do you agree with his notion of radical freedom and responsibility why or why not - Essay Example It is because he himself has denied to follow the right path and indulged himself in bad deeds. So what is more important to Sartre was existence rather than essence. The reason why I agree with this philosophy is that if we think meticulously then we do agree somehow that whatever a man does, only he is himself for that. For example, let us suppose, I have spoken lie to my mother, for petty issues, like for omitting my high school or anything else. Then I do not think that my mother or father is responsible for that. It is also not that my essence is bad. Whatever I am doing, I am doing it with my own mind. I am sensible enough to differentiate between good and bad deeds and if still I opt for bad ones then it is simply my own choice. Moreover, when I keep on lying with everyone and involved in false acts then people will definitely know me as a liar. No one will think about my essence, everyone blames me for my false actions. That is why I think that Sartre is somewhat right in his sayings and notion of radical freedom and responsibility. One reason that makes me think otherwise is that everyone is not bad by birth. Criminal is not a born criminal, a liar is not a born liar. It is our society who made them so. What I believe is that if a person has good essence, then his inner can never feel gratified and contented for his false deeds. One day he surely regrets for all his actions done so far in his life. Conclusively, my opinion is a blend of yes and no to the Sartreââ¬â¢s notion of radical freedom. Though we are free enough to do whatever we wish. Also, sensible enough to draw a line between good and bad deeds, that is why if we are doing something good or bad that totally depends on us as well as the society where we live, our friends whose company makes a lot of difference on our personality and last but not the least our essence waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-21177349842195578242019-11-19T16:02:00.001-08:002019-11-19T16:02:03.834-08:00A character study of Sarty in the Burning Barn Research Paper - 1A character study of Sarty in the Burning Barn - Research Paper Example The first time we come across Sarty, it is easy to tell that it might not have been his first time to appear in the court rooms. Nevertheless this has not been communicated before by Sarty. The lessons learnt from the courts and the knowledge about justice makes Sarty to feel that barn burning is not a good act and that it is not good to be forced by his own father to get involved in that and pretend not to have participated in the barn burning. Sarty is well aware that by a mere fact that he is only helping his father and acting under a instruction from him to burn barns is a crime punishable under the law. There is no excuse after participating in such an act. The feeling of guilt arises after knowing that it is wrong to barn burns. Sarty do not see things in the perspective of being incorrect according to the law or religion but in the perspective of a duty to the community or civic responsibility. In the scenario where Lennie is told to hold Sarty, for instance, he orders her mother to leave him alone or else he could hit her back. According to Sarty it is wrong to hit your mother but engaging in barn burning is even worse. Similarly, betraying his own father is also a challenge and would result into her mother being heartbroken, but this cannot prevent him from making a decision that is best according to his senses. His age is only ten and this is certainly not the right position he was to be involved in. the writer, William Faulkne, has simply made Sarty to be in a complex situation. In the de-Spain-Mansion, we come to meet the thoughts of the character Sarty. This is a very important moment after Sarty comes to see it. The mansion arouses the little boyââ¬â¢s thoughts; it makes him to remember the courthouse. By remembering the court house is a clear indication that Sarty has at one moment come across a courthouse. It also gives some clue that Sarty could possibly waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-54000108790528769982019-11-17T04:33:00.001-08:002019-11-17T04:33:07.218-08:00Prevalence of smoking and drinking Essay Example for Free Prevalence of smoking and drinking Essay Adolescence, from Latin word adolescere which means ââ¬Å"to grow upâ⬠is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human development generally occurring between puberty and legal adulthood. It is most closely associated with teenage years. Adolescence is further divided into three more stages, the early (12-14 years old), middle (15-17 years old) and late adolescence (18-20/21 years old). In each stage of human development, there are physical, emotional and physiological changes that happen. This is based from the concept that humans have developmental tasks that should be accomplish per stage. In the adolescence stage, adolescents are in critical stage because teenagers are exposed to a larger environment (Macmillan Dictionary for Students, 1981). Background of the study Nowadays, teenagers that are exposed to different environment are now engaged to smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages for some reasons. The strong association between binge drinking and smoking among adolescents may be attributable, in part, to the fact that both adolescent alcohol use and tobacco use share a number of sociocultural risk factors. Researchers have found that these factorsââ¬âincluding family and peer influences, demographics, advertising, economics, and alcohol and tobacco availabilityââ¬âare associated with adolescentsââ¬â¢ initial and continued tobacco and alcohol use (Bobo, J. and Corinne Husten, 2000). According to the U. S. Surgeon General Report (1994), approximately 80% of adult smokers started smoking before the age of 18. Every day, nearly 3,000 young people under the age of 18 become regular smokers and an estimated 2. 1 million people began smoking on a daily basis in 1997. More than half of these new daily smokers were younger than age 18. This translates to more than 3,000 new youth smokers per day. The rate of youth initiation of daily smoking increased somewhat from 55. 5 to 74. 9 per 1,000 potential new users between 1991 and 1996, but remained level in 1997 (the 1998 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse). It is said that young people who come from a lowincome family and have fewer than two adults living in their household are especially at risk for becoming smokers and those with poorer grades and lower self-images are most likely to begin. using tobacco. Over the past decade, there has been virtually no decline in smoking rates among all teens. Among black adolescents, however, the prevalence of smoking has declined dramatically. Most young people who smoke are addicted to nicotine and were reported that they want to quit but are unable to do so (Statistics on Teens, 1994). In 2002, Komro and Toomey said that alcohol use by underage drinkers is a persistent public health problem in the United States, and alcohol is the most commonly used drug among adolescents. Accordingly, numerous approaches have been developed and studied that aim to prevent underage drinking. Alcohol use initiation rates for children rise quickly from age 10 up to about age 13, when they reach more than 50 percent. Subsequently, initiation rates begin to slow again (Kosterman, R. et al. , 2000). Moreover, alcohol is the most commonly used drug among adolescents. According to Epstein, J. et al. , alcohol use continues to be an important public health problem. Recent national survey data indicate that 41% of current 8th graders, 62% of 10th graders, 73% of 12th graders and 85% of college students have used alcohol. Even more troubling is that 11% of 8th graders, 22% of 10th graders, 25% of 12th graders and 40% of college students reported heavy episodic drinking. Domingo and Marquez found large gender differences in the risk-taking behaviors among Filipino adolescents and youths. Men are much more likely than women to drink, smoke, and use drugs. The large gender difference in risk-taking behavior among adolescents and youths is rather common in Asian countries but not in the U. S. In our case, The Philippines has no national law regulating smoking and sale of tobacco products. There is no minimum age requirement for the purchase of cigarettes and no law regulating the advertising and promotion of cigarettes. There is no law that requires the printing of warning labels on cigarette packages. Instead, the National Tobacco Administration (NTA) is supposed to protect and promote the ââ¬Å"balanced and integrated growthâ⬠of the tobacco industry. Despite the results of a survey which say that 72 per cent of the polled adult population was supportive of having a legislation banning smoking advertisements. There are more restrictions on drinking than smoking especially of the minors. Those who are less than 18 years old are 2|Page prohibited from purchasing or drinking alcoholic drinks. However, the enforcement of this regulation is weak (Choe, M. and Corazon Raymundo, 2001). Objectives This study aimed to determine the prevalence of smoking and drinking of alcoholic beverages among senior high school students specifically: 1. to compare the prevalence of smoking and drinking of alcoholic beverages between senior students of public and private high school; 2. to contrast the occurrence of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages among senior high school males and females; 3. to identify and rank the reasons why senior high school students smoke and drink alcoholic beverages; 4. to determine the awareness status of senior high school students in terms of the effects of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages on their physiological health; and 5.to identify the effect of smoking and drinking of alcoholic beverages on the socialization of senior high school students. Review of Related Literature There are different factors affecting different behaviors of adolescents. One social theory studied by Travis Hirschi (1969) is a more general explanation of deviance than deterrence theory, but which is, in turn, primarily restricted to informal social control which comes from individuals being bonded to groups and institutions. 1236 grade 9-13 students from 62 randomly selected classrooms in 3 Canadian schools in the Borough of East York, 1 of Metropolitan Torontos 6 municipalities, were surveyed in December 1994 about their alcohol drinking beliefs and behaviors, and related lifestyle behaviors. Findings are based upon the analysis of data from 628 boys and 608 girls, of whom 799 were born in Canada. 24% of the students reported never having tasted alcohol, 22% had tasted alcohol but were not current drinkers, 39% were current moderate drinkers, 11% drank at 3|Page least 5 drinks per occasion at least once per month, and 5% did not answer. The most often stated reasons for not drinking were family upbringing and they believed adverse effects of alcohol consumption upon health, while the most often stated reasons for drinking were because it is an enjoyable experience and to get into a party mood. Respondents drinking patterns were significantly related to gender, ethnicity, grade, and the reported drinking habits of parents and friends. Older male adolescents who describe themselves as Canadian are more likely to drink heavily than are students who are younger or female, or self-identify as Asian or European. Current heavy drinkers are at greater risk than other students of engaging in other high-risk behaviors such as drinking and driving, riding with an intoxicated automobile driver, and smoking every day (Feldman et al. , 1999). In one of the surveys in US, half of respondents knew of a place near their school where kids could go to drink and get high during the school day, according to the yearly back-to-school survey, which polled 1,003 12-to-17-years old. And more than one-third said that students had ample opportunity during the school day to drug, drink and smoke without getting caught. Drug use in both public and private schools is on the rise, with 54 percent of private high school students reporting that drugs are available in their schools versus 24 percent in 2002 and 61 percent of students at public schools saying their schools are drug infected, compared with 46 percent in 2002. The researchers looked closely at the role of social media in teen substance use and found 75 percent of surveyed 12 to 17-year-olds said seeing pictures of teens partying with alcohol or marijuana on social networking sites such as Facebook or MySpace encourages them to party similarly (Gardner, 2012). Forty-five percent of teens almost 11 million said they have seen such pictures online and 47 percent of those teens said that it seems like pictured teens are having a good time. Teens who have seen these pictures were found to be four times more likely to have used marijuana, more than three times likelier to have used alcohol, and almost three times more likely to have used tobacco (CBSnews, 2012). 4|Page In the awareness of teenagers on the health risks of smoking and drinking, it was found in one of the studies that teenagers think that smoking is more dangerous than smoking. Teen smoking has declined in all three grades included in the studyââ¬âgrades 8, 10, and 12. Still, almost 19 percent of 12th graders reported current (past-month) cigarette use. This decline shows that more teens realize the harm smoking does to your body and are making the decision not to start. Also, teensââ¬â¢ attitudes about smoking have changed. They increasingly prefer to date nonsmokers and believe smoking to be a dirty habit. Likewise, among nearly all grades, trends over the past 5 years showed significant decreases in alcohol use, including first-time use, occasional use, daily use, and binge drinking. As with smoking, this decline may be the result of more teens understanding the risk of drinking alcohol and disapproving of this behavior (The Sara Bellum Blog, 2012). How teenagers feel about themselves plays a significant role in whether they choose to drink or use other drugs, according to a new report released today by SADD and Liberty Mutual Group. The Teens Today 2003 study also reveals that a teenââ¬â¢s Sense of Self, can influence sexual behavior, reaction to peer pressure, and, importantly, be affected by a teenââ¬â¢s relationships with parents (Henderson and Greenberg, 2004). Research has shown that the media over estimates smoking rates and often associates smoking with favorable attributes or situations. Given that the media plays a large role in influencing youth culture, portrayal of smoking in the media is of concern. In order to explore young peopleââ¬â¢s perceptions of smoking imagery in the media, 16 focus groups were conducted with 117 school students. Participants were asked to rate smoking images selected from audiovisual and print media, and to discuss their perceptions of these images. The results showed that young people perceived smoking in these media selections to be normal and acceptable. They identified with the stress relieving and social aspects of smoking, despite being well aware of the harmful health effects. Its acceptability as part of a ââ¬Ëcoolââ¬â¢ image was also noted. Positive images of smoking in the media have the potential to down play the serious health consequences of smoking by portraying it in a way that young people interpret as a 5|Page normal part of everyday life. They may also encourage a more neutral or tolerant attitude towards smoking among young people and therefore act to counteract other health promotion efforts to reduce teenage smoking (Watson et al., 2003). 6|Page METHODOLOGY The Participants In the study of determining the prevalence of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages among senior students from private and public high schools, a total of forty senior high school students, twenty students comprising of ten male and ten female students from public high school and twenty students comprising of ten male and ten female students from private high school were randomly asked to answer the questionnaires provided by the group. The public school was a public national high school located in Los Banos, Laguna. On the other hand, the private school is a registered private non-sectarian high school in Los Banos, Laguna as well. The respondents have a mean age of 16 years old, ranging from 15-18, having a mode of 16. Measures The most commonly used and most frequently self devised measuring instrument, the questionnaire was used simply to obtain information directly from subject as to make a standardized list of factual information or elicited application that was generalized to a larger population. A one-shot survey questionnaire was used as the research instrument in the study of determining the prevalence of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages among senior students from private and public high schools. It is a usual study design where a single group of individuals is selected for observation over a single, limited time period, usually because they have experienced some factor taken as important in shaping some outcome (Kelly, 2012). And according to Jupp (2012), it is akin to one-off crosssectional design. As shown in Appendix A, a letter to the respondent identifying our topic and informing our objectives were told. Moreover, see Appendix B for the complete copy of the questionnaire used in the study. 7|Page The questionnaire was divided into three parts: Personal information, Physiological status and Lifestyle, and Social Aspect. The Personal information section was used for determining the age, sex, type of school, religion, and parentsââ¬â¢ civil status. While in the physiological status and lifestyle section, this would tell us how often the students from private and public schools smoke and drink alcoholic beverages. Also, to find out if the students were aware of the effects that these specific vices can contribute to their health condition. Lastly, the way of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages of the students in terms of having a companion or not while smoking and/or drinking and the perceptions of parents and themselves were determined in the Social Aspect section. The Setting The researchers had entrusted the set of questionnaires to one of the respondents from public and one from private high schools. They were the ones who distributed the set questionnaires to their fellow senior high school classmates. The respondents were a given a whole day time to answer the survey questionnaire. The two entrusted students collected all the completely answered survey questionnaires at the end of the day. Data Analysis In the process of obtaining, the questionnaires were made, distributed and collected again. For a more simple analysis of the data collated, tallying was made in a tabulated manner. The data obtained were computed to get the percentage by dividing the number of score with the sum total of scores and then multiplying it by 100% using the formula: P = f / N x 100% Where: P ââ¬â Percentage N ââ¬â Total number of respondents F ââ¬â Frequency 8|Page And lastly, for an easier glance to the data collected, it will have a graphical presentation in a form of bar graph, pie chart and other usual graphical ways to present the data. In order to identify the reasons why they smoke and what they think their parents perceive them a list of possible choices were mentioned in the questionnaire. These reasons were ranked 1 to 3 by the respondents who are smoking and/or drinking alcoholic beverages. In order to evaluate the rankings, an improvised rubric is formulated. Every number (rank) has an equivalent vote just to differentiate and identify the leading reasons. Rank 1 ââ¬â 3 points Rank 2 ââ¬â 2 points Rank 3 ââ¬â 1 point The highest vote will be assigned as the top reason while the others will be ranked according to the accumulated votes. The tabulated rank can be found on the results and discussion. Other data, including the occurrence, prevalence, frequency, reasons, and perceptions of male and female senior students smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages among private and public high schools were tabulated and graphed in order to see the comparison. While in determining the awareness of the students if smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages had an effect on their health condition, and if they were able to gain friends were in a form of poll. 9|Page RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The prevalence of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages among senior students of public and private high school were determined and observed. As seen in Table 1, the total number of students smoking is 3, with 2 females and 1 male in public school. While 4 students, with 3 males and 1 female in private school. Among the 40 students, 7 of them were smoking. Table 1. Number of male and female students smoking in private and public high schools Public Private Subtotal Male 1 3 4 Female 2 1 3 3 4 7 TOTAL As seen in Table 2, the total number of students drinking alcoholic beverages in public school is 6, with 4 males and 2 females. While there are 9 students drinking alcoholic beverages in private school. Among the 40 students, 15 of them were drinking alcoholic beverages. Table 2. Number of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools Public Private Subtotal Male 4 6 10 Female 2 3. 5 6 9 15 TOTAL 10 | P a g e The occurrence of male and female students smoking in public and private high school students is shown in Fig. 1. It was observed that thereââ¬â¢s a higher number of smoking students in male category in private school. While, there is a higher number of smoking students in female category in public school. Moreover, students from private schools are more exposed to smoking. This might be because of the accessibility and affordability. Most private school students are in middle to high class statuses. Smoking 3. 5 3 2. 5 2 Male 1. 5 Female 1 0. 5. 0 Private Public Fig. 1. Occurrence of male and female students smoking in private and public high schools Conversely, The occurrence of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in public and private high school students are shown in Fig. 2.. It was observed that thereââ¬â¢s a higher number of students drinking alcoholic beverages in male category in private school. While, there is a higher number of students drinking alcoholic beverages in male category in public school. Moreover, students from private schools are more exposed to drinking alcoholic beverages. This might be because of the accessibility and affordability. Most private school students are in middle to high class statuses. 11 | P a g e Drinking 7 6 5 4 Male 3 Female 2 1 0 Private Public Fig. 2. Occurrence of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools Table 3. Frequency of male and female students smoking in private and public high schools Daily 1-2 times a week 3-5 times a week Occasionally Public Male | Female | | 2 1 Male || | Female | Subtotal 0 0 Private Subtotal 0 3 1 0 TOTAL 0 5 2 0 12 | P a g e 0%. Smoking 0% 29% Daily 1-2x a week 3-5x a week Occasionally 71% Fig. 3. Frequency of male and female students smoking in private and public high schools Table 4. Frequency of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools Daily 1-2 times a week 3-5 times a week Occasionally Public Male ||| Female | | 4 1 1 Male |||| | | Female | | | Subtotal 0 | Private Subtotal 0 5 2 2 TOTAL 0 9 3 3 13 | P a g e Figure 4. Frequency of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools 0% Drinking 20%. Daily 1-2x a week 3-5x a week 20% 60% Occasionally Students involved in smoking in private and public high schools had their own reasons why they did the vice. As seen in Table 5, the most voted reason in public high school was to experiment, and the least was because they imitated it from their parents. On the other hand, the most voted reason in private high school was to experiment also and the least was because of losing weight and media influence. 14 | P a g e Table 5. Rank of reasons of male and female students smoking in private and public high schools. Smoking Public Private Rank Votes Reason Rank Votes 6 0 Imitated from parents 2 6 2 5 Peer pressure 3 4 3 3 Media influence (advertisements) 5 0 5 1 Fashionable 4 3 5 1 Form of rebellion 4 3 4 2 Wanting to lose weight 5 0 1 6 To experiment 1 8 18 24 Table 6. Combined ranking of reasons of male and female students smoking in private and public high schools Smoking Rank Reason Votes 1 To experiment 14 2 Peer pressure 9 3 Imitated from parents 6 4 Fashionable 4 4 Form of rebellion 4 5 Media influence (advertisements) 3 6 Wanting to lose weight 2 42. 15 | P a g e Reasons for smoking 7% To experiment 5% 33% 10% Peer Pressure Imitated from parents Fashionable 10% Form of rebellion Media influence 14% 21% Figure 5. Combined ranking of reasons of male and female students smoking in private and public high schools Students involved in drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools had their own reasons why they did the vice. As seen in Table 7, the most voted reason in public high school was to have good time with friends, and the least was because of boredom and form of rebellion. On the other hand, the most voted reason in private high school was to have good time with friends also and the least was because of boredom and form of rebellion also. 16 | P a g e Table 7. Rank of reasons of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools Drinking Alcoholic beverages Public Rank Vote Private Reason Rank Vote 1 13 To have good time with friends 1 17 3 5 To experiment, to see what itââ¬â¢s like 2 10 5 2 To feel good, get high 4 7 4 4 Because it tastes good 6 4 2 9 To relax or relieve tension 3 9 7 0 Boredom. 7 0 5 2 To get away from my problems 5 6 7 0 Form of rebellion 7 0 7 0 Influenced by alcoholic parents 8 0 6 1 To get to sleep 7 1 7 0 To fit with a group I like 8 0 7 0 Anger or frustration 8 0 36 54 17 | P a g e Table 8. Combined ranking of reasons of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools Drinking Rank Reason Votes 1 To have good time with friends 30 2 To relax or relieve tension 18 3 To experiment, to see what itââ¬â¢s like 15 4 To feel good, get high 9 5 Because it tastes good 8 5 To get away from my problems. 8 6 To get to sleep 2 7 Boredom 0 7 Form of rebellion 0 7 Influenced by alcoholic parents 0 7 To fit with a group I like 0 7 Anger or frustration 0 90 18 | P a g e Reasons for drinking alcoholic beverages 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% To have good time with friends To relax or relieve tension 9% To experiment, to see what itââ¬â¢s like 9% 33% To feel good, get high Because it tastes good To get away from my problems 10% To get to sleep Boredom Form of rebellion 17% Influenced by alcoholic parents 20% To fit with a group I like Anger or frustration Fig. 6. Combined ranking of reasons of male and female students drinking alcoholic beverages in private and public high schools High school students are indeed part of the society. However, that does not mean that all of them are aware on certain issues present in the status quo today. Figure7 shows us that in terms of awareness of male and female students in the effects of smoking to the health condition, 95% said that they are aware, and 5% said they are not aware. This just means that even though majority knows that this can affect health condition, there are still young students who are blindly exposed to this habit. Aware Not Aware 95% 5% Fig. 7. Awareness status of male and female students in the effects of smoking to the health condition 19 | P a g e Figure 8 shows us that in terms of awareness of male and female students in the effects of drinking alcoholic beverages to the health condition, 100% said that they are aware. Students were able to identify the negative effects of drinking to health condition. 100% Aware Not Aware Fig. 8. Awareness status of male and female students in the effects of drinking alcoholic beverages to the health condition. While it is important to know the reason why some adolescents smoke and/or drink alcoholic beverages, and after knowing if they were aware that these things affect their health conditions. We also have to look at the perceptions of people around them, and also what they think of themselves. In contrast to awareness of the respondents in the negative effects of smoking and drinking on health condition is their way of performing these vices, either alone, with friends, or both. Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 shows the way of drinking and smoking of public and private high school students respectively. It is observed that 53% or the majority of the students engage in drinking with friends, and 80% of them smoke either alone or with friends. This shows the social aspect of the students with their same age group in doing the said activities. 20 | P a g e Do you drink by yourself or with your friends? 0% Alone 47% With friends 53% Both Fig. 9. Way of drinking alcoholic beverages of male and female students among public and private high schools Do you smoke by yourself or with your friends? 0% 20% Alone With friends Both 80% Fig. 10. Way of smoking of male and female students among public and private high schools. 21 | P a g e Table 9. Perception of smokers and/or drinker of people on them Parents Cool || Friends Self 2 ||| 3 |||| 4 0 || 2 | 1 |||||-|||| 9 |||||-||| 8 |||||-| 6 |||| 4 || 2 |||| 4 Addict Good Bad As seen in Fig. 11, the majority of the students answered COOL as what they think their parents thought of them. The least vote was they thought that their parents think their children were bad. This means that even if theyââ¬â¢re doing those kinds of vices, their parents still accept them. What your parents think of you? 9% 10% Cool Addict Good 23% 58% Bad Fig. 11. Perception of the respondents on what their parents think of them as they smoke and drink alcoholic beverages 22 | P a g e On the other hand, the Fig. 12 shows the perception of the respondents on what their friends think of them in engagement of the said vices. 54% think that their friends consider their activity in a good way because it helps them gain friends, to be able to interact, and to socialize well with other people. It is observed that what they think their friends perceive also had the same result as to how they comprehend themselves when they smoke or drink. What your friends think of you? 13% 20% Cool Addict 13% Good Bad 54% Fig. 12. Perception of the respondents on what their friends think of them as they smoke and drink alcoholic beverages It is also important that students can assess themselves even if they are doing some vices. As seen in Figure 13, majority of them still thought that they are good. However, 6% of the students thought they are addicts. Conversely, there is a consensus that 27% thought that they are cool and bad. 23 | P a g e How do you perceive youself? Cool 27% 27% Addict Good 6% Bad 40% Fig. 13. Perception of the respondents on what they perceive on themselves as they smoke and drink alcoholic beverages Perceptions are indeed important. But, it is still significant when it comes to application or reality. Are these students still gain friends after all their vices? In a poll seen in Fig. 14, 9 out of 15 said that they gained friends, and 6 out of 15 said that they did not gain friends. Meaning, there people who discriminate or dislike the vices. Or even if itââ¬â¢s okay for them, it is not proper to be exposed earlier. Did you gain friends? Yes No 60%. 40% 9 out of 15 6 out of 15 Fig. 14. A poll showing the effect of drinking and/or smoking on their socialization Seemingly, many committed smokers and/or drinkers showed that they gained friends after having learning how to smoke and/or drink. However, there are still some who donââ¬â¢t. 24 | P a g e LIMITATION AND SIGNIFICANCE Limitation There are certain problems that were encountered in the study. One of which is that the idea that honesty in answering these questionnaires have suffered. The respondents may or may not answer these questionnaires in full honesty. From here, we may have little discrepancies or percentage errors. Significance The significance of this study is for the teenagers to be aware in terms of the effects of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages on their physiological health. This study can also help the parents of those teenagers to understand more the point of view of teenagers who are engaged to these activities. They can know the cause why teenagers are into smoking and drinking alcoholic beverage. 25 | P a g e SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Summary and Conclusion The study was able to conduct the research on the prevalence of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages among senior students of public and private high school. 18% of the students in both public and private schools are engaged in smoking; however, there are students in private schools who smoke more than students in public schools. It is concluded that the social status of the students is a common factor since private school students have more access to cigarettes and could afford it than those in public schools. It is also determined that the male students in private schools and the female students in public schools are more prone to the said vice and their main reasons were: (1) to experiment; (2) peer pressure; and (3) imitated from their parents. With regards to their way of smoking, the studentsââ¬â¢ general frequency is 1-2 times a week, and they usually smoke either alone or with peers. Most likely they tend to smoke with their peers because it is their way of socialization. The students also perceive that they are also likely to gain friends when they smoke. It is concluded that the perception of the students to what their parent think of them is ââ¬Å"in-the-trendâ⬠when they are engaged in smoking. The majority thinks that their parents consider them as ââ¬Å"coolâ⬠or ââ¬Å"sophisticatedâ⬠. Aside from that, the respondents think that their friends refer to smoking in a good way, causing them to also perceive the same judgment. To summarize the above statements, it is evident that the students in their adolescent stage have more desire to please their peers rather than their parents because they want to have a sense of belonging and they want to socialize more with people of the same age group. Peers are the most important relationship in the teenage years. They engage in different kinds of activities, and one of those are vices. In this stage, the curiosity level of the person is prominent because he/she is able to perceive different kinds of activities from various types of people. Parents are also a factor because they are the ones who nourish their childââ¬â¢s well-being. What they do causes 26 | P a g e various impacts on the child, causing him/her to either imitate it or not. The social status of the students also has an effect on their engagement in vices; it depends on how well they can afford it and on what terms they could get access. On the other hand, not every student in both public and private high schools is aware that smoking can affect their health condition. 5% of the students are still blindly exposed to the effects of smoking; therefore, it is recommended that both kinds of schools should also give the students more knowledge and expose them. waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996714395500935936.post-16016000440007544642019-11-14T17:04:00.001-08:002019-11-14T17:04:03.126-08:00Analyzing the Effects of Educational Structure of Vietnam on the GreateAnalyzing the Effects of Educational Structures and Opportunities of Vietnam on the Greater Society Abstract: Education attainment is the highest level of formal education a person achieves within a given society. With education there are more opportunities, including a better standard of living. Vietnam is a developing country that sees the benefits of higher education, but due to structural problems, students and administration are dealt with many pressures to overcome. This paper uses structural theories of Weber and Parsons to analyze the current situations in Vietnam. By using public publications and personal interviews, inferences are made about the future development of the country. ANALYZING THE EFFECTS OF THE EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURE OF VIETNAM ON THE GREATER SOCIETY ââ¬Å"Hope is important because it can make the present moment less difficult to bear. If we believe that tomorrow will be better, we can bear a hardship today.â⬠- Thà ch Nhá º ¥t Há º ¡nh, This quote spoken by Thà ch Nhá º ¥t Há º ¡nh, a religious scholar, Buddhist monk and activist from Vietnam represents the aspiration to have a better life that all people seek. This message, while short, concisely represents the attitudes of many individuals coming from impoverished or developing countries. Generally from a sociological perspective, aspiration profoundly influences people to achieve. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a Southeast Asian nation on the brinks of social development within both public and private sectors. The country which is noted for its single party communist agenda with French civil statute influences, it has re-opened western diplomacy in the last two decades since the Vietnam War. The summer of 2010 marked Vietnamââ¬â¢s 15th ann... ...the abilities for individuals to make decisions accordingly. In particular, family units may influence big decisions, such as what university or college to enter and what a child should choose as a major. Of course, various family units may have varying demands on members, depending on living conditions. This topic will be further discussed later in this paper. In society, there is what sociologists call life chances. Max Weber developed this term and it refers to the opportunities available for a given person within a society (Anderson and Howard 2009). As indicated in our introduction, this often reflects particular stratification of an individual. This also correlates with how individuals interact within society as an institution. Perhaps, life chances could be grouped with the adaptation function with studentââ¬â¢s using the resources that are presented to them. waphatopstu1972http://www.blogger.com/profile/17027667376976263780noreply@blogger.com0